{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T02:16:42Z","timestamp":1782958602087,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 may have a mild presentation, with few symptoms, or progress to a severe condition, characterized by generalized inflammation, systemic microvascular involvement, coagulopathy, and pulmonary and cardiovascular complications. Men present with more severe symptoms than women, especially men who are older and who present with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and a history of atherosclerotic diseases. Owing to its association with endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, thrombosis, and microvascular obstruction, SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause lesions in several organs, including the myocardium and the coronary arterial bed, which can result in clinical manifestations involving the cardiovascular system. In this mini review, we summarize the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the cardiovascular system in both children and adults and characterize the various clinical manifestations associated with this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1162837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T05:28:20Z","timestamp":1684214900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pathophysiological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the cardiovascular system and its clinical manifestations\u2014a mini review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Yugar-Toledo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise Buonalumi Tacito","family":"Yugar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Gustavo","family":"Sedenho-Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heitor","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.031","article-title":"COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"75","author":"Bikdeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14849","article-title":"Thromboinflammation and the hypercoagulability of COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Connors","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950","article-title":"Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1017","article-title":"Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa408","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical significance of myocardial injury in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"41","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","article-title":"Renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with COVID-19","volume":"382","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.05.001","article-title":"Recognizing COVID-19\u2013related myocarditis: the possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management","volume":"17","author":"Siripanthong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.120.046941","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease","volume":"141","author":"Clerkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","article-title":"The Trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention","volume":"20","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.37825\/2239-9754.1034","article-title":"Acute coronary syndrome in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: pathophysiology and translational perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Cancro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Med UniSa"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4936571","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4936571","article-title":"COVID-19 and acute coronary syndromes: from pathophysiology to clinical perspectives","volume":"2021","author":"Esposito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110125","article-title":"Possible mechanisms responsible for acute coronary events in COVID-19","volume":"143","author":"Sheth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.037","article-title":"The pathogenesis and treatment of the \u2018cytokine storm\u2019 in COVID-19","volume":"80","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7371","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207371","article-title":"Acute myocardial infarction in the time of COVID-19\u201d: a review of biological, environmental, and psychosocial contributors","volume":"17","author":"Gorini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013879","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013879","article-title":"COVID-19 and its cardiovascular effects: a systematic review of prevalence studies","volume":"3","author":"Pellicori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy202","article-title":"Immune system-mediated atherosclerosis caused by deficiency of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 in ApoE-\/-mice","volume":"115","author":"Gast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0228","article-title":"Thrombotic risk in COVID-19: a case series and case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Stoneham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)31103-x","article-title":"An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Verdoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-4642(20)30175-9","article-title":"Emergence of Kawasaki disease related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in an epicentre of the French COVID-19 epidemic: a time-series analysis","volume":"4","author":"Ouldali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110117","article-title":"Kawasaki-like disease in children with COVID-19: a hypothesis","volume":"143","author":"Amirfakhryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-021-00511-7","article-title":"Defining Kawasaki disease and pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome-temporally associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection during SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Italy: results from a national, multicenter survey","volume":"19","author":"Cattalini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22094-5_23","article-title":"Kawasaki disease-associated cytokine storm syndrome","volume-title":"Cytokine storm syndrome","author":"Ulloa-Gutierrez","year":"2019"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01648","article-title":"Cytokine storm in COVID-19-immunopathological mechanisms, clinical considerations, and therapeutic approaches: the REPROGRAM consortium position paper","volume":"11","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.09.020","article-title":"Proteinase systems and thoracic aortic aneurysm progression","volume":"139","author":"Barbour","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-012-0734-z","article-title":"Kawasaki disease: basic and pathological findings","volume":"17","author":"Takahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17240","article-title":"COVID-19-induced endotheliitis: emerging evidence and possible therapeutic strategies","volume":"193","author":"Calabretta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.114909","article-title":"Vascular endotheliitis associated with infections: its pathogenetic role and therapeutic implication","volume":"197","author":"Hattori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd1554","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abd1554","article-title":"Immunophenotyping of COVID-19 and influenza highlights the role of type I interferons in development of severe COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4","article-title":"Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Merad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.011","article-title":"Reduction in ST-segment elevation cardiac catheterization laboratory activations in the United States during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"75","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009166","article-title":"Reduced rate of hospital admissions for ACS during COVID-19 outbreak in northern Italy","volume":"383","author":"De Filippo","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.24875\/RECICE.M20000123","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on interventional cardiology activity in Spain","volume":"2","author":"Rodriguez-Leor","year":"2020","journal-title":"REC Interv Cardiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaa046","article-title":"Admission of patients with STEMI since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey by the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"6","author":"Pessoa-Amorim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.1038","article-title":"Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018)","volume":"72","author":"Thygesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1105","article-title":"Association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with myocardial injury and mortality","volume":"5","author":"Bonow","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.072","article-title":"Stress cardiomyopathy diagnosis and treatment: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"72","author":"Medina de Chazal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.068","article-title":"Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Giustino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001665","DOI":"10.12890\/2020_001665","article-title":"Takotsubo syndrome associated with COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Roca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Case Rep Intern Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahjo.2022.100092","article-title":"Characteristics of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in patients with COVID-19: systematic scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Techasatian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am Heart J Plus"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01473-w","article-title":"Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19 in Shenzhen, China","volume":"48","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317056","article-title":"Cardiovascular manifestations and treatment considerations in COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14470","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14470","article-title":"Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 disease: a systematic review of published case reports and case series","volume":"75","author":"Rathore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.071233","article-title":"Role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP in clinical routine","volume":"92","author":"Weber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart (British Cardiac Society)"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02498-7","article-title":"Incidence and determinants of high-sensitivity troponin and natriuretic peptides elevation at admission in hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients","volume":"15","author":"Arcari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2095","article-title":"Characterization of NT-proBNP in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients","volume":"23","author":"Caro-Cod\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092957","article-title":"B-Type natriuretic peptide as biomarker of COVID-19 disease severity\u2014a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01352-w","article-title":"Prognostic value of NT-proBNP in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab062","article-title":"High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T for the detection of myocardial injury and risk stratification in COVID-19","volume":"67","author":"De Michieli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7035e5","article-title":"Association between COVID-19 and myocarditis using hospital-based administrative data\u2014United States, march 2020\u2013January 2021","volume":"70","author":"Boehmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases","volume":"34","author":"Caforio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.072","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in nonischemic myocardial inflammation: expert recommendations","volume":"72","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e190010","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2019190010","article-title":"Comparison of original and 2018 lake Louise criteria for diagnosis of acute myocarditis: results of a validation cohort","volume":"1","author":"Luetkens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol: Cardio Imaging"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-023-00933-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance for evaluation of cardiac involvement in COVID-19: recommendations by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"25","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.03.002","article-title":"Approximation of the incidence of myocarditis by systematic screening with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"6","author":"Patriki","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00435-x","article-title":"Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions","volume":"18","author":"Tsch\u00f6pe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(87)80363-5","article-title":"Myocarditis: the Dallas criteria","volume":"18","author":"Thomas Aretz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14118","article-title":"Heart failure during the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical, diagnostic, management, and organizational dilemmas","volume":"9","author":"Palazzuoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Failure"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China","volume":"46","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2020.04.018","article-title":"[COVID-19 and cardiogenic shock. Different cardiovascular presentations with high mortality]","volume":"73","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Recalde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664349","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.664349","article-title":"Pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients: mechanisms and treatment potential","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2020.06.009","article-title":"Indications for and findings on transthoracic echocardiography in COVID-19","volume":"33","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.120.047971","article-title":"Spectrum of cardiac manifestations in COVID-19: a systematic echocardiographic study","volume":"142","author":"Szekely","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa178","article-title":"Global evaluation of echocardiography in patients with COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Dweck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.02.003","article-title":"2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on cardiovascular sequelae of COVID-19 in adults: myocarditis and other myocardial involvement, post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and return to play: a report of the American College of Cardiology solution set oversight committee","volume":"79","author":"Gluckman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.08.021","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance for patients with COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Petersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.11.017","article-title":"Multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance approach in diagnosing, monitoring, and prognostication of myocarditis","volume":"15","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3390\/life12071015","article-title":"Myocardial ischemia in patients with COVID-19 infection: between pathophysiological mechanisms and electrocardiographic findings","volume":"12","author":"Duca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.06.016","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"17","author":"Bhatla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B73","first-page":"484","article-title":"The de Winter electrocardiographic pattern as an ST-elevation myocardial infarction equivalent in a young patient with COVID-19","volume":"33","author":"Almendro-Delia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emergencias"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12833","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12833","article-title":"Association between electrocardiographic features and mortality in COVID-19 patients","volume":"26","author":"Antwi-Amoabeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110297","article-title":"Takotsubo syndrome in COVID-19 era: is psychological distress the key?","volume":"140","author":"Barbieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.10.005","article-title":"The effect of the severity COVID-19 infection on electrocardiography","volume":"46","author":"Barman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"Wellens syndrome. StatPearls.","author":"Miner","year":"2022"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.116.027121","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Takotsubo syndrome","volume":"135","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12806","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12806","article-title":"Electrocardiogram analysis of patients with different types of COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-020-00789-9","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiac arrhythmias: a global perspective on arrhythmia characteristics and management strategies","volume":"59","author":"Gopinathannair","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22455","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines and cardiac arrhythmias: the lesson from COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14232","article-title":"Prolonged QT predicts prognosis in COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Akhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa145","article-title":"COVID-19 and QT interval prolongation: more than just drug toxicity?","volume":"22","author":"Merino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20220155","DOI":"10.36660\/abc.20220155","article-title":"Prolongation of the QTc interval at admission is associated with increased mortality in patients with SARS-COV-2 during hospitalization","volume":"120","author":"Barbosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e3182203504","article-title":"Long-QT syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Kramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022147","article-title":"Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome","volume":"348","author":"Priori","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-020-00765-3","article-title":"Recommendations for the measurement of the QT interval during the use of drugs for COVID-19 infection treatment. Updatable in accordance with the availability of new evidence","volume":"59","author":"Asensio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101057","article-title":"Electrocardiographic manifestations of COVID-19: effect on cardiac activation and repolarization","volume":"39","author":"Thakore","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893681","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.893681","article-title":"Interleukin-6 elevation is a key pathogenic factor underlying COVID-19-associated heart rate-corrected QT interval prolongation","volume":"9","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047293","article-title":"COVID-19, arrhythmic risk, and inflammation","volume":"142","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.03.024","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and inherited arrhythmia syndromes","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78360-9","article-title":"Absence of relevant QT interval prolongation in not critically ill COVID-19 patients","volume":"10","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-J\u00e1imez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2021.10.006","article-title":"Electrocardiographic features of patients with COVID-19: an updated review","volume":"14","author":"Romero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Card Electrophysiol Clin"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9090292","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on arrhythmia","volume":"9","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.11.024","article-title":"Arrhythmias in myocarditis: state of the art","volume":"16","author":"Peretto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.08.002","article-title":"Arrhythmias and COVID-19: a review","volume":"6","author":"Dherange","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22455","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic potential of anticytokine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: tocilizumab reduces corrected QT interval by controlling systemic inflammation","volume":"67","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22781-1","article-title":"Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection","volume":"12","author":"Diao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/s0033-0620(66)80011-7","article-title":"Role of electrolytes in etiology and management of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"8","author":"Surawicz","year":"1966","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00017-4","article-title":"Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in South Africa: a data linkage study","volume":"399","author":"Wolter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.24868","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients in South Africa during the COVID-19 omicron wave compared with previous waves","volume":"327","author":"Maslo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(22)00146-3","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine waning and effectiveness and side-effects of boosters: a prospective community study from the ZOE COVID study","volume":"22","author":"Menni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9","article-title":"High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"594","author":"Al-Aly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n693","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n693","article-title":"Post-COVID syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with COVID-19: retrospective cohort study","volume":"372","author":"Ayoubkhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01689-3","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(22)00044-4","article-title":"Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.040","article-title":"ACE2 expression in pancreas may cause pancreatic damage after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1177\/00033197211053903","article-title":"Does COVID-19 cause hypertension?","volume":"73","author":"Akpek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.122.19861","article-title":"Changes in blood pressure outcomes among hypertensive individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a time series analysis in three US healthcare organizations","volume":"79","author":"Gotanda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B110","year":""},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1162837\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T05:28:25Z","timestamp":1684214905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1162837\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1162837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1162837","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"article-number":"1162837"}}