{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:07:01Z","timestamp":1781712421600,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to explore the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced echocardiography (CEE) in benign and malignant cardiac tumors and detect the correlation of CEE parameters and immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data of 44 patients with cardiac tumors confirmed by pathology were reviewed. Lesions were examined before surgery using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and CEE with time-intensity curve analysis. The expression of CD31, VEGF and Ki67 was measured by IHC staining. Microvessel density (MVD) was quantified via IHC for CD31. The clinical variables, TTE, CEE and IHC parameters were compared between benign and malignant cardiac tumors. Receiver operating characteristic curve were used to analyze the value of factors in predicting malignant cardiac tumors. The correlation between CEE and IHC parameters was analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 44 cardiac tumors, 34 were benign and 10 were malignant. There were significant differences in the TTE parameters (pericardial effusion, tumor boundary, diameter, basal width), CEE parameters (tumor peak intensity (TPI), peak intensity ratio of tumor to myocardium (TPI\/MPI), area under time-intensity curve (AUTIC)) and IHC parameters (Ki67, MVD, CD31, VEGF) between the benign and malignant tumor groups (all <jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the CEE and IHC parameters had diagnostic value in malignant cardiac tumors. There was a correlation between TPI\/MPI and Ki67 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.62), AUTIC and Ki67 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.50), and AUTIC and CD31 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.56).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>TTE and CEE parameters were different between benign and malignant cardiac tumors. CEE is helpful to differentiate the properties of cardiac tumors. There is a correlation between CEE parameters and IHC markers. AUTIC and TPI\/MPI can reflect the proliferation and invasion of tumors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1182334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T04:45:15Z","timestamp":1686199515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Contrast-enhanced echocardiographic diagnosis of benign and malignant cardiac tumors and its correlation with pathology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zihao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yicui","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.12.014","article-title":"The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the pleura: advances since the 2015 classification","volume":"17","author":"Sauter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1089253210362596","article-title":"Characterization and management of cardiac tumors","volume":"14","author":"Castillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.47","article-title":"Pathology, imaging, and treatment of cardiac tumours","volume":"14","author":"Maleszewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e097","DOI":"10.1532\/hsf.2271","article-title":"Survival of patients with primary cardiac tumors in an 11-year single center study","volume":"22","author":"Maimaitiaili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Surg Forum"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-019-0662-1","article-title":"Cardiac tumors: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management","volume":"20","author":"Poterucha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Oncol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex182","article-title":"Clinical practice of contrast echocardiography: recommendation by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) 2017","volume":"18","author":"Senior","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovas Imaging"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14597","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of cardiac masses: a pilot study.","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev014","article-title":"Guidelines for echocardiography measurement in Chinese adults","volume":"25","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Ultrasonogr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15799","article-title":"Echocardiographic characteristics and contrast-enhanced imaging of intravenous leiomyomatosis with intracardiac extension","volume":"41","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23457","article-title":"Photobiomodulation with polychromatic light (600\u22121200\u2005nm) improves fat graft survival by increasing adipocyte viability, neovascularization, and reducing inflammation in a rat model","volume":"54","author":"Sert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14010212","article-title":"Lymph node involvement in early-stage cervical cancer: is lymphangiogenesis a risk factor? 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