{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:10:09Z","timestamp":1793689809640,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00a0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00a0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systemic inflammation may cause endothelial activation, mediate local inflammation, and accelerate progression of atherosclerosis. We examined whether the levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines reflect local vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in two types of human arteries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human internal mammary artery (IMA) was obtained in 69 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and left anterior descending (LAD) artery was obtained in 17 patients undergoing heart transplantation (HTx). Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) were measured using ELISA, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was measured using Luminex, and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the vascular tissues was assessed. Furthermore, formation of superoxide anion was measured in segments of IMA using 5\u2005uM lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence. Vascular reactivity was measured using tissue organ bath system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>TNF-\u03b1, IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 mRNAs were expressed in all studied IMA and LAD segments. Plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines did not correlate with vascular cytokine mRNA expression neither in IMA nor in LAD. Plasma TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 correlated with hs-CRP level in CABG group. Hs-CRP also correlated with TNF-\u03b1 in HTx group. Neither vascular TNF-\u03b1, IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 mRNA expression, nor systemic levels of either TNF-\u03b1, IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 were correlated with superoxide generation in IMAs. Interestingly, circulating IL-1\u03b2 negatively correlated with maximal relaxation of the internal mammary artery (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.37, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004). At the same time the mRNA expression of studied inflammatory cytokines were positively associated with each other in both IMA and LAD. The positive correlations were observed between circulating levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in CABG cohort and IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 in HTx cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study shows that peripheral inflammatory cytokine measurements may not reflect local vascular inflammation or oxidative stress in patients with advanced cardiovascular disease (CVD). Circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines generally correlated positively with each other, similarly their mRNA correlated in the arterial wall, however, these levels were not correlated between the studied compartments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1230051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T17:43:36Z","timestamp":1694108616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Systemic and local vascular inflammation and arterial reactive oxygen species generation in patients with advanced cardiovascular 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