{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:45:10Z","timestamp":1789555510542,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between age at menarche and higher-risk cardiometabolic factors is controversial and more strands of evidence are required. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of early menarche on cardiometabolic profile in a large-scale cohort population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data collected in the enrollment phase of the Tabari cohort study were utilized for the present study. We analyzed data from 6,103 women aged 35\u201370 years. Logistic regression and dose\u2013response (trend) analyses were used to investigate the effect of early menarche on prevalence of diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, high waist circumference (WC), high waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and high waist-to-height ratio (WHtR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that women who experienced early menarche had significantly higher odds of obesity (odds ratio: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.36\u20131.99, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend &amp;lt;0.001), high WC (odds ratio: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07\u20131.67, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend\u2009=\u20090.035), high WHR (odds ratio: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.05\u20131.66, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend\u2009=\u20090.057), and high WHtR (odds ratio: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.22\u20132.74, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend\u2009=\u20090.006) compared to those aged \u226514 at menarche. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was also higher among women who experienced early menarche than in women aged \u226514 at menarche (79.9% vs. 76.6%), but the difference was not statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.098). Additionally, each year of earlier menarche was significantly associated with an increase in the chance of diabetes (by 5%), obesity (10%), high WC (5%), and high WHtR (13%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study showed that early menarche is a strong predictor for later development of obesity and diabetes, and for high WC, WHR, and WHtR. Among all factors examined, age at menarche had the greatest predictive power for WHtR. As an age-dependent anthropometric index for central obesity, WHtR is more suitable as an index for identification of individuals with increased cardiometabolic risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1241179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T07:11:52Z","timestamp":1693552312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The association between early menarche and higher-risk cardiometabolic profile: a dose\u2013response analysis of the Tabari cohort at enrollment phase"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Motahareh","family":"Kheradmand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Hamzehgardeshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Shahhosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razie","family":"Mirjalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Moosazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80496-7","article-title":"Early age at menarche and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors: mediation by body composition in adulthood","volume":"11","author":"Bubach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3580","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003580","article-title":"Association between age at menarche and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Korean women: the 2010 to 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"95","author":"Won","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319895","article-title":"Pregnancy and reproductive risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"130","author":"O\u2019Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.10.115","article-title":"Age at menarche and risk of major cardiovascular diseases: evidence of birth cohort effects from a prospective study of 300,000 Chinese women","volume":"227","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.07.009","article-title":"Association between age at menarche and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review on risk and potential mechanisms","volume":"104","author":"Luijken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010070","article-title":"Age at menarche and risks of coronary heart and other vascular diseases in a large UK cohort","volume":"131","author":"Canoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20171703","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1703","article-title":"Age at menarche, depression, and antisocial behavior in adulthood","volume":"141","author":"Mendle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14051","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14051","article-title":"Age at menarche and endometrial cancer risk: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.103","article-title":"Early menarche in normal-weight girls and its association with excess weight, abdominal obesity and metabolic changes at the end of sexual maturation","volume":"70","author":"Araujo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2015.1104314","article-title":"Is age at menarche a good predictor of future body fat? 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