{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:50:01Z","timestamp":1753890601988,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Imaging fusion technology is promising as it is radiation and contrast sparing. Herein, we compare conventional biplane angiography to multimodality image fusion with live fluoroscopy using two-dimensional (2D)\u2013three-dimensional (3D) registration (MMIF<jats:sub>2D\u22123D<\/jats:sub>) and assess MMIF<jats:sub>2D\u22123D<\/jats:sub> impact on radiation exposure and contrast volume during cardiac catheterization of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We matched institutional MMIF<jats:sub>2D\u22123D<\/jats:sub> procedures and controls according to patient characteristics (body mass index, age, and gender) and the seven procedure-type subgroups. Then, we matched the number of tests and controls per subgroup using chronological ordering or propensity score matching. Subsequently, we combined the matched subgroups into larger subgroups of similar procedure type, keeping subgroups with at least 10 test and 10 control cases. Air kerma (AK) and dose area product (DAP) were normalized by body weight (BW), product of body weight and fluoroscopy time (BW\u2009\u00d7\u2009FT), or product of body weight and number of frames (BW\u2009\u00d7\u2009FR), and stratified by acquisition plane and irradiation event type (fluoroscopy or acquisition). Three senior interventionists evaluated the relevance of MMIF<jats:sub>2D\u22123D<\/jats:sub> (5-point Likert scale).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Overall group consisted of 54 MMIF<jats:sub>2D\u22123D<\/jats:sub> cases. The combined and matched subgroups were pulmonary artery stenting (Stent<jats:sub>PUL<\/jats:sub>), aorta angioplasty (Plasty<jats:sub>AO<\/jats:sub>), pulmonary artery angioplasty (Plasty<jats:sub>PUL<\/jats:sub>), or a combination of the latter two (Plasty). The FT of the lateral plane reduced significantly by 69.6% for the Overall MMIF<jats:sub>2D\u22123D<\/jats:sub> population. AK<jats:sub>BW<\/jats:sub> and DAP<jats:sub>BW<\/jats:sub> decreased, respectively, by 43.9% and 39.3% (Overall group), 49.3% and 54.9% (Plasty<jats:sub>AO<\/jats:sub>), and 36.7% and 44.4% for the Plasty subgroup. All the aforementioned reductions were statistically significant except for DAP<jats:sub>BW<\/jats:sub> in the Overall and Plasty (sub)groups. The decrease of AK<jats:sub>BW<\/jats:sub> and DAP<jats:sub>BW<\/jats:sub> in the Stent<jats:sub>PUL<\/jats:sub> and Plasty<jats:sub>PUL<\/jats:sub> subgroups was not statistically significant. The decrease in the median values of the weight-normalized contrast volume (CMC<jats:sub>BW<\/jats:sub>) in all five subgroups was not significant. Cardiologists considered MMIF<jats:sub>2D\u22123D<\/jats:sub> very useful with a median score of 4.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our institution, MMIF<jats:sub>2D\u22123D<\/jats:sub> overall enabled significant AK<jats:sub>BW<\/jats:sub> reduction during the catheterization of CHD patients and was mainly driven by reduced FT in the lateral plane. We observed significant AK<jats:sub>BW<\/jats:sub> reduction in the Plasty and Plasty<jats:sub>AO<\/jats:sub> subgroups and DAP<jats:sub>BW<\/jats:sub> reduction in the Plasty<jats:sub>AO<\/jats:sub> subgroup. However, the decrease in CMC<jats:sub>BW<\/jats:sub> was not significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1292039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T04:54:22Z","timestamp":1704948862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodality 3D image fusion with live fluoroscopy reduces radiation dose during catheterization of congenital heart 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