{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:39:23Z","timestamp":1793504363621,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to study the relationship between auto-antibodies against apolipoprotein A1 (anti-apoA1 IgG), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, anti-retroviral therapy (ART), and the tryptophan pathways in HIV-related cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This case\u2013control study conducted in South Africa consisted of control volunteers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200950), people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200950), and untreated PLWH (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200944). Cardiovascular risk scores were determined, vascular measures were performed, and an extensive biochemical characterisation (routine, metabolomic, and inflammatory systemic profiles) was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti-apoA1 IgG levels were assessed by an in-house ELISA. Inflammatory biomarkers were measured with the Meso Scale Discovery\u00ae platform, and kynurenine pathway metabolites were assessed using targeted metabolomic profiling conducted by liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring\/mass spectrometry (LC-MRM\/MS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiovascular risk scores and vascular measures exhibited similarities across the three groups, while important differences were observed in systemic inflammatory and tryptophan pathways. Anti-apoA1 IgG seropositivity rates were 15%, 40%, and 70% in control volunteers, PLWH ART-treated, and PLWH ART-na\u00efve, respectively. Circulating anti-apoA1 IgG levels were significantly negatively associated with CD4+ cell counts and positively associated with viremia and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (IFN\u03b3, TNF\u03b1, MIP\u03b1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1). While circulating anti-apoA1 IgG levels were associated with increased levels of kynurenine in both control volunteers and PLWH, the kynurenine\/tryptophan ratio was significantly increased in PLWH ART-treated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV infection increases the humoral response against apoA1, which is associated with established HIV severity criteria and kynurenine pathway activation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1343361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T04:33:37Z","timestamp":1707798817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["People living with HIV display increased anti-apolipoprotein A1 auto-antibodies, inflammation, and kynurenine metabolites: a case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Miguel 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