{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:58:38Z","timestamp":1788544718384,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between education and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) has been well described for decades. Nevertheless, most cardiovascular risk models, including SCORE2, still do not take educational status into account even if this factor is easily assessed and costs nothing to acquire. Using carotid plaques as a proxy for ASCVD, we analysed educational status as associated with carotid plaque development, to determine if the relationship remains, how it relates to traditional risk factors and, how it impacts the European cardiovascular risk model, SCORE2. Our study also provides further data on plaque development in a well-characterised population nearly equally weighted by gender.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>9,083 subjects (51% female, 49% male) from the Paracelsus 10,000 cohort, underwent a carotid doppler duplex as part of thorough screening for subclinical ASCVD. Well over 90% of carotid doppler duplex examinations were performed by the same experienced clinician. Subjects were then classified by educational status using the Generalized International Standard Classification of Education. Plaque absence or presence was dichotomised and variables analysed using regression modelling to examine educational status relative to cardiovascular risk factors and with respect to the SCORE2 model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using medium educational status as a reference, subjects in our cohort with low educational status had higher odds, while subjects with high educational status had lower odds for carotid plaques compared to subjects with medium education (aOR 1.76 95%CI 1.50\u20132.06; and 0.0.63 95%CI 0.57\u20130.70, respectively). Even after adjusting for common risk factors including metabolic syndrome and SCORE2, the relationship was maintained. Furthermore, when comparing the potential predictive power of SCORE2 alone and plus educational status using the Akaike information criterion, we showed a \u2018better fit\u2019 when educational status was added.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measuring educational status is cost-free and easy for clinicians to obtain. We believe cardiovascular risk prediction models such as SCORE2 may more accurately reflect individual risk if educational status is also taken into account. Additionally, we believe clinicians need to understand and appropriately address educational status as a risk factor, to better quantify individual risk and take appropriate measures to reduce risk so that the association may finally be broken.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1345277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T04:42:47Z","timestamp":1728621767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Including educational status may improve cardiovascular risk calculations such as SCORE2"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christiane","family":"Dienhart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Gostner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Aigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Iglseder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Langthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Paulweber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Trinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Wernly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10429-0","article-title":"Trend analysis of cardiovascular disease mortality, incidence, and mortality-to-incidence ratio: results from global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"21","author":"Amini","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Fighting Cardiovascular Disease\u2014a Blueprint for EU Action","year":"2020"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.041319","article-title":"Education, income, and occupational class cannot be used interchangeably in social epidemiology. 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