{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T03:47:43Z","timestamp":1782445663092,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary heart disease; CHD) is the leading cause of death in women worldwide, and the number of patients and deaths is increasing each year. Approximately 3.8 million women die from CHD every year globally. After menopause, estrogen levels decrease, and the risk of cardiovascular disease increases substantially; however, research on risk factors for CHD in postmenopausal women has been inconclusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To systematically evaluate the risk factors for CHD in postmenopausal women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, CBM, CNKI, and VIP databases were searched up to February 9, 2024, for studies on risk factors for CHD in postmenopausal women. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of the included literature. STATA17.0 software was used for meta-analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine studies involving 29,4103 patients were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that history of six or more pregnancies (hazard ratio\u2009=\u20091.538, 95% confidence interval: 1.241%\u20131.906%) was significantly associated with risk of CHD (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple pregnancies are associated with CHD incidence and related mortality in postmenopausal women. In the future, more and higher quality studies are needed to further verify this conclusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1434149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T06:10:56Z","timestamp":1736748656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk factors for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuiyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Medical Nursing 7th Edition","author":"Liming","year":"2022"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Menopause and cardiovascular disease","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pract Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"4","article-title":"Chinese Guidelines for menopausal management and menopausal hormone therapy (2023 edition)","volume":"58","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Obstetrics Gynecology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006713","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006713","article-title":"Duration of reproductive life span, age at menarche, and age at menopause are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"6","author":"Ley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/2053369117749675","article-title":"Menopause and cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Newson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Post Reprod Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2018.09.004","article-title":"Guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of stable coronary artery disease","volume":"46","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"2235","article-title":"The relative strength of C-reactive protein and lipid levels as determinants of ischemic stroke compared with coronary heart disease in women","volume-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol.","author":"Everett","year":"2006"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"2555","article-title":"Endogenous sex hormones and incident cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women","volume-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol.","author":"Zhao","year":"2018"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"1933","article-title":"Type of menopause, age of menopause and variations in the risk of incident cardiovascular disease: pooled analysis of individual data from 10 international studies","volume-title":"Hum Reprod.","author":"Zhu","year":"2020"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1693","article-title":"Extremes of endogenous testosterone are associated with increased risk of incident coronary events in older women","volume":"95","author":"Laughlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"177","article-title":"Relationships of age at menarche and menopause, and reproductive year with mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese postmenopausal women: the JACC study","volume-title":"J Epidemiol.","author":"Cui","year":"2006"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"1528","article-title":"Number of pregnancies and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease","volume-title":"N Engl J Med.","author":"Ness","year":"1993"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"553","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a protective or a risk factor for developing coronary heart disease? 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