{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:40:51Z","timestamp":1788234051002,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The triglyceride (TG) content of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-TG) has been shown to be more predictive of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events than the cholesterol content of LDL (LDL-C). The goal of our study was to develop an equation for estimating LDL-TG (\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG) based on the standard lipid panel and to compare it to estimated LDL-C as an ASCVD risk biomarker.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Using least-square regression analysis, the following\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG equation was developed:\n \n \n e<\/mml:mi>\n \n LDL<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n -<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mstyle>\n \n TG<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n \n \n TG<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 38.5<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mfrac>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n +<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n \n \n NonHDL<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n -<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mstyle>\n \n C<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 5.75<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mfrac>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n +<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n \n 9<\/mml:mn>\n \n .75<\/mml:mn>\n \n TG<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n NonHDL<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n -<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mstyle>\n \n C<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mfrac>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n +<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n 244<\/mml:mn>\n \n \n HDL<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n -<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mstyle>\n \n C<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mfrac>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n 2.95<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n . LDL-TG was measured by the\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -quantification (BQ) reference method (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200940,202). LDL-C was calculated by the Sampson-NIH equation. The association of LDL-C and\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG with ASCVD risk markers was performed in the National Heart and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200937,053) and with ASCVD events in a primary prevention cohort from the UK Biobank (UKB) (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009429,367) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200914,632).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG showed better ASCVD risk stratification of UKB participants than LDL-C (Wilcoxon Chi-Square: 2,099.6 vs. 418.7, respectively). Receiving-operating characteristics analysis revealed that\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG had a stronger association with ASCVD events than LDL-C (AUC: 0.596 vs. 0.542, respectively) and other conventional lipid markers. Similar findings were found in ARIC. Discordance analysis in UKB showed that the group with low LDL-C\/high\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG had a similar risk as the high LDL-C\/high\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG group. Furthermore, these same two groups with the highest\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG levels and the highest ASCVD event rate also had higher mean levels of systolic blood pressure, Body Mass Index, hemoglobin A1C, and C-reactive protein than the two lower\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG groups. Using\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG\u2009&gt;\u200944.6\u2005mg\/dl (80th percentile) as a cut-point leads to a hazard ratio of 1.32 (95% CI, 1.29\u20131.36) for ASCVD events, which remained significant after adjustment for LDL-C and apoB. Furthemore, using\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG as a risk-enhancer test leads to reclassification of 50% more high-risk individuals than current lipid-enhancer test rules.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Like LDL-C, LDL-TG can also be calculated from the results of the standard lipid panel. Compared to estimated LDL-C,\n e<\/jats:italic>\n LDL-TG was a better risk marker for primary prevention and hence could improve initial ASCVD risk stratification.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1452869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:31:50Z","timestamp":1729816310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride content and its use for cardiovascular disease risk stratification"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Wolska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Zubir\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff W.","family":"Meeusen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie J.","family":"Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan S.","family":"Jaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan T.","family":"Remaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx144","article-title":"Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. 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