{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T20:27:40Z","timestamp":1778790460409,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kounis syndrome is an allergic myocardial ischemia syndrome triggered by various factors. Herein, we presented a case of a patient with Multiple Myeloma who developed chest pain as a result of lenalidomide use. The patient\u2019s electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed ST-segment depression, along with elevated troponin I and eosinophils levels. Emergency coronary angiography identified thrombosis in the middle segment of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. Previous case reports have linked lenalidomide chemotherapy to myocarditis as the primary form of myocardial damage. This case marks the first documented occurrence of myocardial infarction attributed to lenalidomide, highlighting a previously unrecognized aspect of its cardiotoxic profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1591179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:16:30Z","timestamp":1750054590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lenalidomide-induced type II Kounis syndrome: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ruihan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoxiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2010.06.003","article-title":"Lenalidomide down regulates the production of interferon-gamma and the expression of inhibitory cytotoxic receptors of human natural killer cells","volume":"264","author":"Dauguet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2015.02.008","article-title":"Practical management of lenalidomide-related rash","volume":"15","author":"Tinsley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.1991.tb10251.x","article-title":"Histamine-induced coronary artery spasm: the concept of allergic angina","volume":"45","author":"Kounis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pract"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0010","article-title":"Kounis syndrome: an update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic management","volume":"54","author":"Kounis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284408","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1284408","article-title":"Case report: flurbiprofen-induced type I Kounis syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0781-9","article-title":"Acute coronary syndrome secondary to allergic coronary vasospasm (Kounis syndrome): a case series, follow-up and literature review","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16349","article-title":"Ibuprofen-induced Kounis syndrome type 1-A rare case from India","volume":"62","author":"Podder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061647","article-title":"Recurrent Kounis syndrome: a case report and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Brancaccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-139107","article-title":"Lenalidomide-induced focal myocarditis mimicking acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"97","author":"Tse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1P044","article-title":"Myocarditis during lenalidomide therapy","volume":"44","author":"Carver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ytac093","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytac093","article-title":"Combined lenalidomide\/bortezomib for multiple myeloma complicated by fulminant myocarditis: a rare case report of widely used chemotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Verbesselt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Case Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1591179\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:16:31Z","timestamp":1750054591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1591179\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":11,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1591179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1591179","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"article-number":"1591179"}}