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CP increases the risk of CVD through multiple mechanisms, including sympathetic overactivation, neuroimmune inflammatory responses, endocrine and metabolic dysregulation, and bidirectional regulation along the heart-brain axis. Moreover, pharmacological treatments traditionally used for CP, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids and related agents, are associated with heightened cardiovascular risks. In contrast, non-pharmacological interventions like spinal cord stimulation and cognitive behavioral therapy have demonstrated dual potential in alleviating pain and improving cardiovascular outcomes. 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