{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:56:56Z","timestamp":1792184216548,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has earned its reputation as \u201cgood\u201d cholesterol in cardiovascular health, primarily because of its strong inverse association with cardiovascular disease. A potential mechanism for this association is its ability to promote cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) and consequently reduce the buildup of cholesterol in arterial plaque. However, recent research underscores the importance of not only maintaining high HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels but also ensuring the functionality and quality of HDL particles. HDL particles exhibit various other atheroprotective activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vasodilatory properties. Collectively, these functions are thought to contribute to reducing cardiovascular risk beyond mere cholesterol transport. Both acute and chronic inflammation can induce structural and functional changes in HDL, potentially rendering the particles pro-inflammatory. Factors that increase inflammation, such as lifestyle choices, autoimmune diseases, and oxidative stress, can adversely affect HDL functionality. Dysfunctional HDL, such as electronegative HDL H5 or HDL isolated from patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), may lose its protective properties and even contribute to CVD progression by promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial damage. Recent studies indicate that the CEC of HDL particles may serve as a more critical determinant of atheroprotection than the absolute concentration of HDL-C. This review emphasizes the need to focus on both quantity and quality of HDL to reduce cardiovascular risk more effectively. Understanding the mechanisms behind HDL's protective effects provide valuable insights into heart health and potential therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1713387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T06:27:38Z","timestamp":1765866458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein: an updated review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Frances W.","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan-Hsing","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Li","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hsien","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan T.","family":"Remaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Akyol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu-Huang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx274","article-title":"HDL cholesterol concentration or HDL function: which matters?","volume":"38","author":"Barter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"III8","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000131512.50667.46","article-title":"HDL cholesterol and protective factors in atherosclerosis","volume":"109","author":"Assmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11440","DOI":"10.1021\/ac402516u","article-title":"Biochemical and functional characterization of charge-defined subfractions of high-density lipoprotein from normal adults","volume":"85","author":"Hsieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e31829d48a5","article-title":"Why targeting HDL should work as a therapeutic tool, but has not","volume":"62","author":"Sorci-Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409065","article-title":"HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and incident cardiovascular events","volume":"371","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.124","article-title":"Dysfunctional HDL and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Rosenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2017.07.002","article-title":"Antioxidative activity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL): mechanistic insights into potential clinical benefit","volume":"8","author":"Brites","year":"2017","journal-title":"BBA Clin"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-010-0091-x","article-title":"12(5):343\u20138","author":"Ragbir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46811-8","article-title":"Higher HDL cholesterol levels are associated with increased markers of interstitial myocardial fibrosis in the MultiEthnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"13","author":"Chehab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000146094.59640.13","article-title":"Antiinflammatory properties of HDL","volume":"95","author":"Barter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14090996","article-title":"Dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary artery disease: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Madaudo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.08.999","article-title":"High-density lipoproteins: from function to therapy","volume":"60","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.222","article-title":"HDL and cardiovascular disease: atherogenic and atheroprotective mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Navab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42946","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying adverse effects of HDL on eNOS-activating pathways in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"121","author":"Besler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.320851","article-title":"Interactions between HDL and CD4+ T cells: a novel understanding of HDL anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"44","author":"Atehortua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.317181","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) increases HDL (high-density lipoprotein) that contains ApoC3 and other HDL subspecies associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease","volume":"42","author":"Furtado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.21.4.481","article-title":"HDL and the inflammatory response induced by LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids","volume":"21","author":"Navab","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11419","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111419","article-title":"The potential role of electronegative high-density lipoprotein H5 subfraction in RA-related atherosclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448607","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1448607","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of the role of native and modified HDL in ER stress in primary macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Bobek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01551","article-title":"Glycation reduces the stability of ApoAI and increases HDL dysfunction in diet-controlled type 2 diabetes","volume":"103","author":"Kashyap","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.310979","article-title":"Serum amyloid A is an exchangeable apolipoprotein","volume":"38","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11700","article-title":"Exploring the association between systemic lupus erythematosus and high-density lipoproteins: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Perez-Ocampo","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M062174","article-title":"Impact of individual acute phase serum amyloid A isoforms on HDL metabolism in mice","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070729","article-title":"HDL dysfunctionality: clinical relevance of quality rather than quantity","volume":"9","author":"Bonizzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.179226","article-title":"Dysfunctional HDL as a diagnostic and therapeutic target","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac605","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein revisited: biological functions and clinical relevance","volume":"44","author":"von Eckardstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.318793","article-title":"Inherited variants in SCARB1 cause severe early-onset coronary artery disease","volume":"129","author":"Koenig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8120542","article-title":"An increased plasma level of ApoCIII-rich electronegative high-density lipoprotein may contribute to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1351\/PAC-CON-10-12-07","article-title":"Chemical composition-oriented receptor selectivity of L5, a naturally occurring atherogenic low-density lipoprotein","volume":"83","author":"Ke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pure Appl Chem"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036095","article-title":"Unraveling the complexities of the HDL lipidome","volume":"54","author":"Kontush","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)35686-2","article-title":"The charge and structural stability of apolipoprotein A-I in discoidal and spherical recombinant high density lipoprotein particles","volume":"267","author":"Sparks","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14011","article-title":"Scavenger receptor class B type I is a multiligand HDL receptor that influences diverse physiologic systems","volume":"108","author":"Krieger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43801","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106695200","article-title":"Scavenger receptor class B, type I-mediated uptake of various lipids into cells. Influence of the nature of the donor particle interaction with the receptor","volume":"276","author":"Thuahnai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.825109","article-title":"Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase expression has minimal effects on macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo","volume":"120","author":"Tanigawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5409","DOI":"10.1021\/bi047412v","article-title":"Apolipoprotein A-I helix 6 negatively charged residues attenuate lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) reactivity","volume":"44","author":"Alexander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.79.1.8","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies","volume":"79","author":"Gordon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.2.236","article-title":"Methods for measurement of LDL-cholesterol: a critical assessment of direct measurement by homogeneous assays versus calculation","volume":"48","author":"Nauck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.142810","article-title":"Seven direct methods for measuring HDL and LDL cholesterol compared with ultracentrifugation reference measurement procedures","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw272","article-title":"2016 ESC\/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias","volume":"37","author":"Catapano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5858\/2008-132-217-PAACCO","article-title":"Paraproteins are a common cause of interferences with automated chemistry methods","volume":"132","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2006.036988","article-title":"HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides: an overlooked issue?","volume":"60","author":"Twomey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.03.060","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle concentrations, carotid atherosclerosis, and coronary events: MESA (multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis)","volume":"60","author":"Mackey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000103624.14436.4B","article-title":"Inflammatory\/antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein distinguish patients from control subjects better than high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and are favorably affected by simvastatin treatment","volume":"108","author":"Ansell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61217-4","article-title":"HDL and cardiovascular disease","volume":"384","author":"Rader","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2006.07.006","article-title":"Lipoprotein particle analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"26","author":"Jeyarajah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsacl.2021.12.005","article-title":"Lipid analysis by ion mobility spectrometry combined with mass spectrometry: a brief update with a perspective on applications in the clinical laboratory","volume":"23","author":"Dubland","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26206","article-title":"Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the antiinflammatory properties of HDL","volume":"117","author":"Vaisar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000146325.93749.a8","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein subpopulation profile and coronary heart disease prevalence in male participants of the framingham offspring study","volume":"24","author":"Asztalos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2012.03.003","article-title":"Dysfunctional HDL: a novel important diagnostic and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease?","volume":"51","author":"Otocka-Kmiecik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2018.1402680","article-title":"Quantifying HDL proteins by mass spectrometry: how many proteins are there and what are their functions?","volume":"15","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Proteomics"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R004739","article-title":"Genetic causes of high and low serum HDL-cholesterol","volume":"51","author":"Weissglas-Volkov","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.318977","article-title":"Contribution of APOE genetic variants to dyslipidemia","volume":"43","author":"Bea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051061","article-title":"HDL in immune-inflammatory responses: implications beyond cardiovascular diseases","volume":"10","author":"Bonacina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.13.9.1382","article-title":"Abundant expression of apoprotein E by macrophages in human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"13","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-004-0631-3","article-title":"The key role of apolipoprotein E in atherosclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Greenow","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500322-JLR200","article-title":"LDL Receptor deficiency or ApoE mutations prevent remnant clearance and induce hypertriglyceridemia in mice","volume":"47","author":"Kypreos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.10.027","article-title":"Decreased lipidated ApoE-receptor interactions confer protection against pathogenicity of ApoE and its lipid cargoes in lysosomes","volume":"188","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119887","article-title":"Phenotype-dependent differences in apolipoprotein E metabolism and in cholesterol homeostasis in human monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"101","author":"Cullen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2775","article-title":"Role of HDL apolipoprotein E in cellular cholesterol efflux: studies in apo E knockout transgenic mice","volume":"205","author":"Hayek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7585","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.13.7585","article-title":"Low-dose expression of a human apolipoprotein E transgene in macrophages restores cholesterol efflux capacity of apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse plasma","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0229-0","article-title":"High-density lipopoprotein antioxidant capacity, subpopulation distribution and paraoxonase-1 activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Gaal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2003.10.033","article-title":"Lifestyle determinants of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: the national heart, lung, and blood institute family heart study","volume":"147","author":"Ellison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24581","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking on HDL quantity and function: implications for atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.74.10.697","article-title":"The two faces of the \u2018good\u2019 cholesterol","volume":"74","author":"Ansell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315355","article-title":"HDL (high-density lipoprotein) subclasses, lipid content, and function trajectories across the menopause transition: SWAN-HDL study","volume":"41","author":"Khoudary SR","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/med.0b013e328329135a","article-title":"Approach to the diagnosis and management of lipoprotein disorders","volume":"16","author":"Alwaili","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R024075","article-title":"Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition as a strategy to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"53","author":"Barter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp399","article-title":"Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: at the heart of the action of lipid-modulating therapy with statins, fibrates, niacin, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors","volume":"31","author":"Chapman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300955","article-title":"Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients","volume":"371","author":"Group","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-8981(02)00046-3","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy increases HDL-cholesterol concentrations in patients with active sarcoidosis and hypoalphalipoproteinemia","volume":"320","author":"Salazar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107579","article-title":"Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy","volume":"365","author":"Investigators","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311978","article-title":"Trials and tribulations of CETP inhibitors","volume":"122","author":"Tall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jah3-e000232","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.111.000232","article-title":"Apolipoprotein C-III as a potential modulator of the association between HDL-cholesterol and incident coronary heart disease","volume":"1","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs271","article-title":"Statins suppress apolipoprotein CIII-induced vascular endothelial cell activation and monocyte adhesion","volume":"34","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.E015701","article-title":"Complexities of plasma apolipoprotein C-III metabolism","volume":"52","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.321563","article-title":"HDL function and atherosclerosis: reactive dicarbonyls as promising targets of therapy","volume":"132","author":"Linton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13131113","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein modifications: causes and functional consequences in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10645","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310645","article-title":"The sizes and composition of HDL-cholesterol are significantly associated with inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.152.suppl_3.4369749","article-title":"Electronegative lipoprotein subfractions modulate inflammation and viability in monocytes and endothelial cells","volume":"152","author":"Akyol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.108753","article-title":"Altered activation of endothelial anti- and proapoptotic pathways by high-density lipoprotein from patients with coronary artery disease: role of high-density lipoprotein-proteome remodeling","volume":"127","author":"Riwanto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101775","article-title":"HDL dysfunction, function, and heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609581","article-title":"Evacetrapib and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk vascular disease","volume":"376","author":"Lincoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206797","article-title":"Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.018","article-title":"CER-001, a HDL-mimetic, stimulates the reverse lipid transport and atherosclerosis regression in high cholesterol diet-fed LDL-receptor deficient mice","volume":"232","author":"Tardy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.301804","article-title":"Novel therapies focused on the high-density lipoprotein particle","volume":"114","author":"van Capelleveen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.10.035","article-title":"Coronary atherosclerotic plaque regression: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"79","author":"Dawson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-01025-7","article-title":"ApoA-I infusion therapies following acute coronary syndrome: past, present, and future","volume":"24","author":"Kalayci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athplu.2025.02.001","article-title":"HDL-replacement therapy: from traditional to emerging clinical applications","volume":"59","author":"Sirtori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atheroscler Plus"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.044221","article-title":"HDL in the 21st century: a multifunctional roadmap for future HDL research","volume":"143","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.65669","article-title":"Enhancement of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression and cholesterol efflux by a metabolite of tipelukast: a potential therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e185128","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI185128","article-title":"Asparagine endopeptidase cleaves apolipoprotein A1 and accelerates pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-025-01315-w","article-title":"ApoC-III as therapeutic target: is it primetime for clinical use?","volume":"27","author":"Biolo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000568","article-title":"Effects of exercise on HDL functionality","volume":"30","author":"Ruiz-Ramie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245897","article-title":"Modification of high-density lipoprotein functions by diet and other lifestyle changes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Sanllorente","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761170","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.761170","article-title":"Dietary strategies to improve cardiovascular health: focus on increasing high-density lipoprotein functionality","volume":"8","author":"Stadler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030955","article-title":"High-density lipoproteins and Mediterranean diet: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Grao-Cruces","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112833","article-title":"The fluid aspect of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: the role of polyphenol content in moderate consumption of wine and olive oil","volume":"11","author":"Ditano-Vazquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000211","article-title":"HDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: rethinking our approach","volume":"30","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002670","article-title":"Levels and changes of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I in relation to risk of cardiovascular events among statin-treated patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"128","author":"Boekholdt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.ED111","article-title":"A novel indicator for HDL functionality","volume":"26","author":"Irino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28953-x","article-title":"Fully automated immunoassay for cholesterol uptake capacity to assess high-density lipoprotein function and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"13","author":"Murakami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608384","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1608384","article-title":"Reverse cholesterol transport: current assay methods, alterations with disease and response to therapeutic intervention","volume":"12","author":"Playford","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e165370","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI165370","article-title":"Cell-free, high-density lipoprotein-specific phospholipid efflux assay predicts incident cardiovascular disease","volume":"133","author":"Sato","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2304147","article-title":"Review of laboratory methods to determine HDL and LDL subclasses and their clinical importance","volume":"23","author":"Chary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00218","article-title":"HDL particle number and size as predictors of cardiovascular disease","volume":"6","author":"Kontush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2023.07.003","article-title":"Integrated omics approach for the identification of HDL structure-function relationships in PCSK9-related familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"17","author":"Darabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2024.100678","article-title":"Untargeted lipidomics reveals novel HDL metabotypes and lipid-clinical correlates","volume":"65","author":"Karmaus","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319323","article-title":"Can \u201cbad\u201d HDL be turned good again?","volume":"43","author":"Dasseux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1713387\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T06:27:40Z","timestamp":1765866460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1713387\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1713387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1713387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"article-number":"1713387"}}