{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:04:55Z","timestamp":1777633495805,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Europe. Understanding their burden is essential to planning effective public health responses. However, in Italy, comprehensive data on the incidence and lethality of major cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and stroke, are fragmented and heterogeneous. This review aims to assess the incidence of fatal and non-fatal major cardiovascular events in Italian adults without prior CVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42025624126). We searched PubMed and Web of Science to identify longitudinal studies involving Italian adults aged 18\u201365 years without baseline CVD. Data extracted from the selected studies included study design, population characteristics, follow-up, and results. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The results were synthesised narratively and stratified by cardiovascular event and study design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nineteen studies were included, with a follow-up of 1\u201350 years. The incidence of coronary heart disease ranged from 10\u2030 per year to cumulative values as high as 46.5\u2030 over 40 years. The incidence of stroke ranged from 1.6\u2030 to 2.75\u2030 per year, with early lethality (28\u201330 days after the event) between 18.1% and 33%. Variability in estimates was associated with differences in study design, baseline population characteristics, endpoints definition, calendar period and geographical context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review highlights the enduring burden of CVD in Italy in the short- and long-term horizon. Although incidence and lethality have declined in recent decades, the findings underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance and tailored prevention strategies to control CVD in Italy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42025624126<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , PROSPERO CRD42025624126.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1645953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:39:57Z","timestamp":1777437597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The risk of cardiovascular events in the Italian adult population without prior history of CVD: a systematic review of follow-up studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Valentini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia","place":["Perugia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Arcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia","place":["Perugia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Gobbetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia","place":["Perugia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Volpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia","place":["Perugia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Conciarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia","place":["Perugia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Boccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"de Waure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia","place":["Perugia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2017","author":"Wilkins","year":"2017"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315589011","article-title":"Cardiovascular health in Italy. Ten-year surveillance of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors: osservatorio epidemiologico cardiovascolare\/health examination survey 1998\u20132012","volume":"22","author":"Giampaoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiolog"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320949414","article-title":"Trends in cardiovascular diseases burden and vascular risk factors in Italy: the global burden of disease study 1990\u20132017","volume":"28","author":"Cortesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [Fact sheet]","year":"2025"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4236\/ojepi.2012.24014","article-title":"Risk factors distribution and cardiovascular disease prevalence in the Italian population: the CHECK study","volume":"2","author":"Tragni","year":"2012","journal-title":"OJEpi"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.01.026","article-title":"CAPTURE: a cross-sectional study on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes in Italy","volume":"32","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12861","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12861","article-title":"Trends in age-related disease burden and healthcare utilization","volume":"18","author":"Atella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5683.21.05538-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease burden: Italian and global perspectives","volume":"69","author":"Saglietto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Cardiol Angiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1038\/3218","article-title":"The global burden of disease, 1990\u20132020","volume":"4","author":"Lopez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.01.20","article-title":"Cost of cardiovascular disease prevention: towards economic evaluations in prevention programs","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5767864","article-title":"Secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and application of technology for early diagnosis","volume":"2018","author":"Karunathilake","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Global status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010","year":"2011"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8467","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148467","article-title":"Prevention of cardiovascular diseases in community settings and primary health care: a Pre-implementation contextual analysis using the consolidated framework for implementation research","volume":"19","author":"Aerts","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","article-title":"Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study","volume":"364","author":"Yusuf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2022.100342","article-title":"Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors\u20142022","volume":"10","author":"Bays","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379785","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1379785","article-title":"Genetic, lifestyle and metabolic factors contributing to cardiovascular disease in the Italian population: a literature review","volume":"11","author":"Ojeda-Granados","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113253","article-title":"The cardiovascular risk awareness and health lifestyle of Italian women","volume":"13","author":"Lillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-574","article-title":"Social status and cardiovascular disease: a Mediterranean case. Results from the Italian progetto CUORE cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Fornari","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae466","article-title":"European Society of cardiology: the 2023 atlas of cardiovascular disease statistics","volume":"45","author":"Timmis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00607-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe","volume":"19","author":"Townsend","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0979","DOI":"10.23938\/ASSN.0979","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of ictus in Europe: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Soto","year":"2022","journal-title":"An Sist Sanit Navar"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e596","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000678","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B23","author":"de Waure","year":"2024"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ED00014","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.ED000142","article-title":"Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","volume":"2019","author":"Cumpston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000064","article-title":"Conducting systematic reviews of association (etiology): the Joanna Briggs institute\u2019s approach","volume":"13","author":"Moola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"B27","author":"Higgins","year":""},{"key":"B28","author":"Wells","year":"2013"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.140061","article-title":"A Priori\u2013defined dietary patterns are associated with reduced risk of stroke in a large Italian cohort","volume":"141","author":"Agnoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.12.2500","article-title":"High stroke incidence in the prospective community-based L\u2019Aquila registry (1994\u20131998): first year\u2019s results","volume":"28","author":"Carolei","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000195688","article-title":"Community-Based study of stroke incidence in the valley of Aosta, Italy","volume":"32","author":"Corso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.23.12.1712","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of stroke in the valle d\u2019Aosta, Italy. First-year results of a community-based study","volume":"23","author":"D\u2019Alessandro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108136","article-title":"Mixtures of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution, built environment and temperature and stroke incidence across Europe","volume":"179","author":"De Bont","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.04.015","article-title":"Increased incidence of coronary heart disease associated with \u201cdouble burden\u201d in a cohort of Italian women","volume":"135","author":"D\u2019Ovidio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(84)90047-1","article-title":"The seven countries study: 2,289 deaths in 15 years","volume":"13","author":"Keys","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.10.1787","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of stroke in the belluno province, Italy: first-year results of a community-based study","volume":"26","author":"Lauria","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.519421","article-title":"Low incidence of stroke in southern Italy: a population-based study","volume":"39","author":"Manobianca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(90)90027-H","article-title":"Twenty-five-year mortality from coronary heart disease and its prediction in five cohorts of middle-aged men in Finland, The Netherlands, and Italy","volume":"19","author":"Menotti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023092415353","article-title":"Twenty-five-year coronary mortality trends in the seven countries study using the accelerated failure time model","volume":"18","author":"Menotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.08.050","article-title":"Lifestyle behaviour and lifetime incidence of heart diseases","volume":"201","author":"Menotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2019.11.010","article-title":"How the seven countries study contributed to the launch and development of cardiovascular epidemiology in Italy. A historical perspective","volume":"30","author":"Menotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/3.7.549","article-title":"Spontaneous changes of systolic blood spontaneous changes of systolic blood","volume":"3","author":"Menotti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz183","article-title":"Associations of dairy product consumption with mortality in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC)\u2013Italy cohort","volume":"110","author":"Pala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.01.018","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in coronary heart disease in Italy: a multilevel population-based study","volume":"63","author":"Petrelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.06.046","article-title":"Natural history of coronary heart disease and heart disease of uncertain etiology: findings from a 50-year population study","volume":"197","author":"Puddu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.15","article-title":"Dietary glycemic load and Index and risk of coronary heart disease in a large Italian cohort: the EPICOR study","volume":"170","author":"Sieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62625","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062625","article-title":"Dietary glycemic load and glycemic Index and risk of cerebrovascular disease in the EPICOR cohort","volume":"8","author":"Sieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2025.101059","article-title":"Absolute impact of lipid levels on coronary heart disease in a real-world primary prevention cohort of 730,236 people","volume":"23","author":"Alves-Cabratosa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1406","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00155-X","article-title":"The burden of cardiovascular events according to cardiovascular risk profile in adults from high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Leong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013003169","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet and health status: an updated meta-analysis and a proposal for a literature-based adherence score","volume":"17","author":"Sofi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.592642","article-title":"Stroke incidence and survival in ludwigshafen am rhein, Germany","volume":"41","author":"Palm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e037925","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.037925","article-title":"Current and projected burden of ischemic cerebrovascular events: nationwide estimates from the dijon stroke registry","volume":"14","author":"B\u00e9jot","year":"2025","journal-title":"France. JAHA"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.042022","article-title":"Burden of stroke in Europe: an analysis of the global burden of disease study findings from 2010 to 2019","volume":"55","author":"Prendes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"21","author":"Maas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968792","article-title":"Sex\/gender differences in cardiovascular disease prevention what a difference a decade makes","volume":"124","author":"Mosca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308769","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiovascular ageing","volume":"102","author":"Merz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1723\/3432.34216","article-title":"Gender differences in cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"6","author":"Lodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital J Gender-Specific Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1288","article-title":"The heart of the world","volume":"19","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.147173","article-title":"Explaining the decrease in coronary heart disease mortality in Italy between 1980 and 2000","volume":"100","author":"Palmieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11101473","article-title":"The burden of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in a population of central Italy: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Altobelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009246","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1009246","article-title":"A real opportunity to modify cardiovascular risk through primary care and prevention: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Lontano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486","article-title":"Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III)","volume":"285","author":"Cleeman","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048004020949326","DOI":"10.1177\/2048004020949326","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: updated review of contemporary guidance and literature","volume":"9","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"JRSM Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B65","year":""},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad312","article-title":"Do we practice what we preach? Implementation of cardiovascular prevention strategies in 13 European countries between 2011 and 2021: a statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology of the ESC","volume":"31","author":"Kr\u00e4nkel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiolog."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317709118","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to prevention","volume":"24","author":"Jennings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiolog"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.15915","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"322","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq171","article-title":"Community programs for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review","volume":"172","author":"Pennant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1645953\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:40:08Z","timestamp":1777437608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1645953\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1645953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1645953","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"article-number":"1645953"}}