{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T20:27:55Z","timestamp":1769545675656,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the association between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and heart failure (HF) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This single-center cross-sectional study enrolled 848 hospitalized T2DM patients aged \u226550 years at Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital between January 1, 2024, and January 1, 2025. The TyG index was calculated for each patient, and participants were stratified into three tertiles (T1, T2, T3) based on TyG levels. HF was diagnosed in accordance with the 2021 guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Univariate logistic regression was first used to identify variables significantly associated with HF (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), which were then included in multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the independent association between TyG and HF risk. Subgroup analyses were also conducted to examine whether the association between TyG and HF varied by age, sex, smoking status, hypertension, and body mass index (BMI). To evaluate the predictive value of the TyG index for HF, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 848 participants, 242 (28.5%) had HF. Higher TyG levels were independently associated with increased HF risk. In the fully adjusted model, the second (T2: OR\u2009=\u20091.655,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026) and third tertiles (T3: OR\u2009=\u20091.762,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018) were significantly associated with elevated odds of HF compared to the lowest tertile (T1). The TyG index as a continuous variable also showed a robust association (OR\u2009=\u20091.493,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). Subgroup analyses revealed particularly strong associations in individuals aged \u226570 years, males, non-smokers, hypertensive patients, and those with body mass index &amp;lt;24\u2005kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . ROC analysis indicated that the TyG index not only showed modest discriminative ability for HF but also enhanced the predictive performance of a baseline model consisting of conventional variables (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated TyG index is independently associated with increased risk of HF in patients with T2DM. It may serve as a clinically accessible, cost-effective biomarker for early HF risk identification, particularly in high-risk subpopulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1667390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T06:39:51Z","timestamp":1769495991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between triglyceride-glucose index and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tong","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VIP Health Management Center, Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital","place":["Xi'an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Medicine Department, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital","place":["Xi'an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital","place":["Xi'an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14857","article-title":"2024 Update in heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Beghini","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00128-6","article-title":"Predicting and preventing heart failure in type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-018-9685-0","article-title":"The heart failure burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus-a review of pathophysiology and interventions","volume":"23","author":"Ofstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02358-0","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of heart failure in type 2 diabetes patients: results from a nationwide prospective cohort-the DIABET-IC study","volume":"23","author":"Gonzalez-Manzanares","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-01931-y","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and risk of heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis from cardiovascular outcome trials","volume":"65","author":"Giugliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0282","article-title":"Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of heart failure in diabetes [published correction appears in diabetes metab J. 2021 sep;45(5):796. 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