{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:44:17Z","timestamp":1790181857839,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long COVID refers to multisystem symptoms that begin within 3 months of COVID-19 infection and persist for at least 2 months. To this day, Long COVID remains a challenging clinical entity and a substantial global health burden, with cardiovascular sequelae representing a prominent component. Patients frequently report a range of symptoms including chest pain, palpitations, fatigue, and exercise intolerance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This mini review aims to synthesize current evidence on the symptom profiles, underlying mechanisms, and clinical management of Long COVID-related cardiovascular complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a targeted narrative literature search of PubMed\/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar for articles published up to January 2026 using combinations of \u201cLong COVID,\u201d \u201cpost-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection,\u201d \u201ccardiovascular,\u201d \u201cmyocarditis,\u201d \u201cendothelial dysfunction,\u201d \u201cmicrovascular injury,\u201d \u201cdysautonomia,\u201d \u201cvaccination,\u201d and \u201cSARS-CoV-2 variants.\u201d Original studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical guidance documents, and selected mechanistic studies were prioritized, whereas non-peer-reviewed preprints and single case reports were included only when they provided unique mechanistic or hypothesis-generating information. Eligibility was based on cardiovascular relevance to Long COVID; studies without post-acute or cardiovascular relevance were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evidence indicates that cardiovascular Long COVID is heterogeneous and multifactorial, involving viral persistence, immune dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, microvascular injury with hypercoagulability, autonomic nervous system dysregulation, and risk modification by acute disease severity, vaccination status, and SARS-CoV-2 variant period. Current management strategies remain primarily symptom-based, with emphasis on cardiovascular risk assessment, mechanism-informed phenotyping, graded rehabilitation, dysautonomia-directed treatment, and multidisciplinary follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular Long COVID is a heterogeneous burden driven by interacting mechanisms. Current evidence supports subgroup-based risk stratification and mechanism-informed management, while future studies should standardize endpoints and evaluate mechanism-targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1786633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T04:18:17Z","timestamp":1780287497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unraveling the cardiovascular burden of long COVID: symptom profiles, underlying mechanisms, and clinical management insights"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Research Institute of Chinese Medicine Schools, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Research Institute of Chinese Medicine Schools, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical lab, Jiangning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yixing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Yixing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjian","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Research Institute of Chinese Medicine Schools, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","article-title":"Post-Acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Nalbandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B2","year":""},{"key":"B3","year":""},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1966","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1966","article-title":"Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York city: prospective cohort study","volume":"369","author":"Petrilli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29331","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29331","article-title":"Clinical and electrocardiographic correlates of myocardial dysfunction after COVID-19 in nonhospitalised patients in long-term follow-up. 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