{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T07:02:31Z","timestamp":1779692551478,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Histologic assessment of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) remains the standard for diagnosing acute cardiac allograft rejection, yet molecular profiling may provide complementary quantitative insights.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Microarray data (GSE2596; GPL1053) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Acute rejection (R,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200916) and non-rejection (N,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200927) samples were analyzed after excluding infection-related groups. Probes were mapped to gene symbols and summarized per gene. Differential expression was assessed using Welch's\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test with Benjamini\u2013Hochberg false discovery rate control. Reactome over-representation analysis was performed for significant genes. Immune cell scores were estimated using MCP-counter markers. An L1-penalized logistic regression model was evaluated by 5-fold cross-validation. Experimental validation was performed by quantitative PCR in a cervical heterotopic cardiac xenotransplantation model (BALB\/c to C57), including normal control and sham groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 3,968 genes, 1,032 were differentially expressed (FDR&amp;lt;0.05), including 135 with |log2FC|&amp;gt;1. Upregulated genes included HLA-DMA, DEF6, TRB@, and CD74. Enrichment analysis highlighted interferon signaling, T-cell receptor signaling, chemokine pathways, and antigen presentation. Immune scoring indicated increased monocytic, B-lineage, and T\/cytotoxic lymphocyte signals in rejection. The diagnostic model achieved strong discrimination (5-fold AUC=0.993). qPCR confirmed coordinated upregulation of interferon-related (Ifng, Stat1), chemokine (Cxcl10), and cytotoxic (Prf1) genes in transplanted grafts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute rejection EMB transcriptomes demonstrate coordinated interferon-driven immune activation. A compact gene signature shows strong internal diagnostic performance, supported by experimental validation, warranting external confirmation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1796145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T06:03:49Z","timestamp":1779689029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptomic signatures and immune microenvironment of acute rejection after heart transplantation: an integrated bioinformatics analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University","place":["Wuhan, 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