{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:45:25Z","timestamp":1785908725606,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GDF-15 (growth differentiation factor 15) is a protein from the transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF-\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) cytokine family. In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), it is a potent marker of bleeding adverse events in anticoagulated patients and a predictor of overall mortality. However, its level is affected by various conditions, including radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). The study aimed to describe the dynamics of GDF-15 following a novel AF treatment approach, pulsed field ablation (PFA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective observational study enrolled 50 patients [median (IQR) age 63 (53; 71) years, 62% males] undergoing PFA and compared them with 50 patients [65 (57; 69) years, 64% males] post-RFCA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the PFA group, 30 (60%) patients had paroxysmal AF, compared with 20 (40%) patients in the RFCA group. The median (IQR) GDF-15 level at baseline was 943 (733; 1,148) ng\/L. The median value recorded 24\u2005h after PFA was 1,363 (901; 1,867) ng\/L. No significant difference in values was observed between patients treated with RFCA and those treated with PFA. However, when comparing GDF-15 values in paroxysmal AF separately, significantly higher post-procedural GDF-15 levels (immediately post-ablation and in 24\u2005h after procedure) were observed after PFA than RFCA: 963 (672; 1,266) vs. 630 (506; 804) ng\/L with\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001 and 1,363 (901; 1,960) vs. 843 (710; 1,195) ng\/L,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01, respectively. No correlation was found between GDF-15 levels and procedural data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GDF-15 levels are significantly affected by catheter ablation of AF, regardless of the ablation technology used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1798578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:55:04Z","timestamp":1785905704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth differentiation factor 15 level changes in the early and late periods after radiofrequency and pulsed field catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Barbora","family":"Stekl\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of 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