{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:15:35Z","timestamp":1783577735761,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with residual cardiovascular risk persisting despite optimized lipid-lowering therapy. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) have emerged as independent, causal biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, reflecting atherogenic particle burden beyond conventional lipid measures. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, metabolic, and biochemical correlates of Lp(a) and ApoB levels in patients with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional observational analysis was performed in 153 adults evaluated for cardiometabolic risk. Anthropometric, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters were assessed. Correlation analyses were conducted to identify associations between lipoproteins and metabolic variables. Decision tree regression was used to explore distribution patterns of Lp(a) and ApoB variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study population exhibited a mean age of 57.9\u2009\u00b1\u200912.3 years, with a predominance of dyslipidemia (79.1%) and established cardiovascular disease (75.2%). The mean Lp(a) concentration was 30.14\u2009\u00b1\u200931.50\u2005mg\/dL, while ApoB averaged 119.87\u2009\u00b1\u200936.01\u2005mg\/dL. ApoB correlated significantly with total cholesterol (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.49,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), triglycerides (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.46,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and LDL-C (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). Decision tree analysis identified GGT, creatinine, and uric acid as factors that influence of Lp(a) variability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both hepatic and renal function markers significantly modulate Lp(a) levels, while ApoB remains a robust indicator of atherogenic particle load. Integrating Lp(a) and ApoB assessment into cardiovascular risk profiling may improve identification of residual risk and guide personalized therapeutic strategies in dyslipidemic populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1821490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:35:21Z","timestamp":1783575321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical correlates of lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein B levels in patients with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Luana","family":"Alexandrescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, \u201cSf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency County Hospital","place":["Constanta, Romania"]},{"name":"Medicine Faculty, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta","place":["Constanta, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria Maria","family":"Alexandrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University","place":["Bucharest, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionut Tiberiu","family":"Tofolean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, \u201cSf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency County Hospital","place":["Constanta, Romania"]},{"name":"Medicine Faculty, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta","place":["Constanta, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doina Ecaterina","family":"Tofolean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta","place":["Constanta, Romania"]},{"name":"Pneumology Department, Sf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency County Hospital","place":["Constanta, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steliana","family":"Pindichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Medicine Faculty, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta","place":["Constanta, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Dumitru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, \u201cSf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency County Hospital","place":["Constanta, Romania"]},{"name":"Medicine Faculty, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta","place":["Constanta, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Campineanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, \u201cSf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency County Hospital","place":["Constanta, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Aftenie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta","place":["Constanta, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Nelson Twakor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Sf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency County Hospital","place":["Constanta, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Herlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department XIII, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara","place":["Timisoara, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University","place":["Bucharest, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Raluca","family":"Baicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8","place":["Bucharest, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madalina","family":"Ilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8","place":["Bucharest, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip-Vasile","family":"Berariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Regional Institute of Oncology","place":["Iasi, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Maria","family":"Condur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta","place":["Constanta, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037184","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a), PCSK9 inhibition, and cardiovascular risk","volume":"139","author":"O'Donoghue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905239","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) reduction in persons with cardiovascular disease","volume":"382","author":"Tsimikas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.041","article-title":"Relationship of oxidized phospholipids and biomarkers of oxidized low-density lipoprotein with cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory biomarkers, and effect of statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: results from the MIRACL (myocardial ischemia reduction with aggressive cholesterol lowering) trial","volume":"53","author":"Fraley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302479","article-title":"Plasma lipoprotein(a) concentration predicts future coronary and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease","volume":"33","author":"Nestel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.06.051","article-title":"Relationship of apolipoproteins A-1 and B, and lipoprotein(a) to cardiovascular outcomes: the AIM-HIGH trial (atherothrombosis intervention in metabolic syndrome with low HDL\/high triglyceride and impact on global health outcomes)","volume":"62","author":"Albers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"ODYSSEY Outcomes: Evaluation of cardiovascular outcomes after an acute coronary syndrome during treatment with alirocumab (NCT01663402)","year":"2019"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.016","article-title":"Managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in young adults: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"79","author":"Stone","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.4504","article-title":"Single ascending and multiple-dose trial of zerlasiran, a short interfering RNA targeting lipoprotein(a): a randomized clinical trial","volume":"331","author":"Nissen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-0991-1","article-title":"Effect of alirocumab on individuals with type 2 diabetes, high triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"19","author":"Colhoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.07.081","article-title":"Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, reduces atherogenic lipoproteins in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia at high cardiovascular risk: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e977","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001415","article-title":"2026 AHA\/ACC\/ACCP\/ACEP\/CHEST\/SCAI\/SHM\/SIR\/SVM\/SVN guideline for the evaluation and management of acute pulmonary embolism in adults: a report of the American college of cardiology\/American heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"153","author":"Creager","year":"2026","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1246-y","article-title":"Lowering targeted atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol goals for patients at \u201cExtreme\u201d ASCVD risk","volume":"19","author":"Rosenblit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.306136","article-title":"Effects of extended-release niacin on the postprandial metabolism of Lp(a) and ApoB-100-containing lipoproteins in statin-treated men with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"35","author":"Ooi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9650-y","article-title":"The effects of resistance training on ApoB\/ApoA-I ratio, Lp(a) and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Kadoglou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03043-1","article-title":"IL-6 inhibition with clazakizumab in patients receiving maintenance dialysis: a randomized phase 2b trial","volume":"30","author":"Chertow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.03.079","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and lipoprotein metabolism: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Schwetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00369-X","article-title":"Lp(a) and lipids in adult Turner\u2019s syndrome: impact of treatment with 17beta-estradiol and norethisterone","volume":"150","author":"H\u00f8jbjerg Gravholt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3390\/psych4040049","article-title":"A tutorial on how to conduct meta-analysis with IBM SPSS statistics","volume":"4","author":"Sen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psych"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2023.101959","article-title":"Online evaluation of the kolmogorov\u2013smirnov test on arbitrarily large samples","volume":"67","author":"Cardoso","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Comput Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/24754269.2023.2164970","article-title":"Regression models of Pearson correlation coefficient","volume":"7","author":"Dufera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stat Theory Relat Fields"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20597","DOI":"10.2196\/20597","article-title":"Missing-data handling methods for lifelogs-based wellness Index estimation: comparative analysis with panel data","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-024-01256-4","article-title":"Saving lives with statistics","volume":"32","author":"R\u00f8islien","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/01632787211071136","article-title":"Methods for modeling autocorrelation and handling missing data in mediation analysis in single case experimental designs (SCEDs)","volume":"45","author":"Somer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eval Health Prof"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242717","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/242717","article-title":"Use of CHAID decision trees to formulate pathways for the early detection of metabolic syndrome in young adults","volume":"2014","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/jpcs.jpcs_18_20","article-title":"F-Test of overall significance in regression analysis simplified","volume":"6","author":"Sureiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pract Cardiovasc Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1491","article-title":"Inclisiran lowers LDL-C and PCSK9 irrespective of diabetes status: the ORION-1 randomized clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Leiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13680","article-title":"Randomised study of evolocumab in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia on background statin: primary results of the BERSON clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Lorenzatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.08.022","article-title":"Effects of red wine polyphenols and alcohol on glucose metabolism and the lipid profile: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"Chiva-Blanch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.64261","article-title":"Association of renal function and statin therapy with lipoprotein(a) in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Hiraishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2012.02592.x","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a): resurrected by genetics (review)","volume":"273","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ciprofibrate effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects","volume":"10","author":"Hernandez-Mijares","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001508","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001508","article-title":"Effect of extended-release niacin on high-density lipoprotein functionality, lipoprotein metabolism, and mediators of vascular inflammation in statin-treated patients","volume":"4","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X9700200310","article-title":"The epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease: importance of identifying the population at risk","volume":"2","author":"Criqui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"B34","year":""},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.66","article-title":"The use and interpretation of the friedman test in the analysis of ordinal-scale data in repeated measures designs","volume":"1","author":"Sheldon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2024.01.011","article-title":"Statistical analysis of the autocorrelation function in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy","volume":"123","author":"Kohler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2024.1211004","article-title":"Missing data imputation: a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"Alwateer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Comput Commun"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1821490\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:35:23Z","timestamp":1783575323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1821490\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1821490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1821490","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"article-number":"1821490"}}