{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T06:20:56Z","timestamp":1783405256233,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a one-month Adaptive Postural Balance Cardiac Rehabilitation (APBCRE) program for patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), and to assess the validity of the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) as a measure of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study implemented a one-month exercise rehabilitation program consisting of 12 sessions, held three times a week for 50\u201370\u2005min each. All sessions were conducted on a one-on-one basis, with each patient receiving direct supervision throughout the program from certified cardiac rehabilitation nurses and physical therapists. A CPET test was administered by the same therapist before and after the program, and exercise instruction was provided prior to each test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were stratified into two age groups for analysis. After completing the rehabilitation program, significant improvements were observed in WAT (56.86\u2009\u00b1\u200925.43 to 71.93\u2009\u00b1\u200926.64\u2005w,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0009), VE at AT (29.64\u2009\u00b1\u20097.91 to 35.38\u2009\u00b1\u200912.22\u2005mL\/min\/kg,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006), VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      at AT (11.74\u2009\u00b1\u20093.20 to 13.79\u2009\u00b1\u20093.48\u2005mL\/min\/kg,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and OUES [1,485.20\u2009\u00b1\u2009377.54 to 1,610.60\u2009\u00b1\u2009419.81\u2005mL\/(min\u00b7L),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035]. The change in VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      at AT was more pronounced than in VE at AT. The primary evaluation metrics were VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      at AT and OUES, while secondary metrics included RER, HR, VE at AT, and VE\/VCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that APBCRE is a potentially effective rehabilitation method for patients with cardiovascular disease, leading to significant improvements in exercise tolerance within one month. Furthermore, the OUES was found to be a potentially valuable indicator for assessing changes in cardiorespiratory fitness among young individuals during sports rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1825961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:46:59Z","timestamp":1783403219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alterations in submaximal cardiopulmonary indicators in CVD patients participating in APBCRE\u2014a comprehensive CPET-based study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yukun","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.5218","article-title":"Effectiveness of home-based mobile guided cardiac rehabilitation as alternative strategy for nonparticipation in clinic-based cardiac rehabilitation among elderly patients in Europe: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Snoek","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073574","article-title":"Exercise intensity in patients with cardiovascular diseases: systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-312594","article-title":"Differing associations for sport versus occupational physical activity and cardiovascular risk","volume":"104","author":"Ferrario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.03.022","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure","volume":"4","author":"Malhotra","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14130","article-title":"Short-term high-intensity interval training improves fitness before surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"Woodfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-03958-0","article-title":"Adoption of the cardiopulmonary exercise test in the exercise ability and cardiopulmonary function rehabilitation of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.110460","article-title":"The safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a population with high-risk cardiovascular diseases","volume":"126","author":"Skalski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01063.2016","article-title":"Measurement of the maximum oxygen uptake V\u02d9o2max: V\u02d9o2peak is no longer acceptable","volume":"122","author":"Poole","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.21181","article-title":"Is age-predicted maximal heart rate applicable in patients with heart or lung disease?","volume":"46","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247057","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247057","article-title":"Is a verification phase useful for confirming maximal oxygen uptake in apparently healthy adults? 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