{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:03:35Z","timestamp":1785301415199,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with atherosclerosis representing its principal pathological basis. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are abundant circulating particles implicated in lipid metabolism, vascular inflammation, intercellular communication, and thrombotic processes relevant to atherosclerosis. Although HDLs and EVs differ in origin, structure, biogenesis, and canonical function, they share overlapping physicochemical and molecular features. Their density ranges substantially overlap, and small EV populations may approach the upper size range of HDL particles, making their separation from plasma technically challenging. As a result, common isolation workflows may generate HDL-enriched or EV-enriched fractions rather than fully particle-specific preparations, complicating the interpretation of proteomic, lipidomic, nucleic acid, and functional studies. This review compares the structural and biophysical characteristics, biogenesis pathways, molecular cargo, and atherosclerosis-related functions of HDLs and EVs. We highlight how both particle classes contribute to endothelial activation, inflammation, cholesterol handling, foam cell formation, plaque progression, and thrombosis, while also emphasizing their distinct biological roles. Finally, we discuss whether HDL\u2013EV overlap should be interpreted solely as methodological co-isolation or may also reflect biologically relevant interactions within circulating nanoparticle networks in atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1831078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:45:29Z","timestamp":1785300329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High density lipoproteins and extracellular vesicles\u2014distinct but overlapping circulating particles and their role in atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Linas","family":"\u010cerniauskas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]},{"name":"Biomarker Research Laboratory, Translational Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goda","family":"Aleknavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]},{"name":"Biomarker Research Laboratory, Translational Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Skaist\u0117","family":"Arba\u010diauskait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]},{"name":"MicroDiagnostics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Mytzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroDiagnostics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susann","family":"Allelein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroDiagnostics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Bikul\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]},{"name":"Biomarker Research Laboratory, Translational Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]},{"name":"Department of Preclinical Research, Centre for Innovative Medicine","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dovil\u0117","family":"Kar\u010diauskait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]},{"name":"Biomarker Research Laboratory, Translational Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.08.015","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132023","volume":"86","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063346","article-title":"Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Jebari-Benslaiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx144","article-title":"Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. 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