{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:08:59Z","timestamp":1789373339286,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the therapeutic landscape for a broad spectrum of malignancies, substantially prolonging patient survival. However, the widespread clinical adoption of ICIs is challenged by a diverse array of cardiovascular immune-related adverse events (CV-irAEs). Among these, arrhythmias pose a considerable threat to patient safety and treatment continuity, given their insidious onset and potential lethality. Traditionally, these arrhythmias have been largely conceptualized as secondary complications of ICI-induced myocarditis, a perspective that has obscured their true clinical features. Emerging evidence indicates that ICI-associated arrhythmias exhibit distinct risk profiles and pathogenic mechanisms, suggesting that arrhythmias may be substantially more common than previously recognized and frequently manifest as standalone clinical entities rather than mere secondary complications. Accordingly, to mitigate cardiovascular risk and optimize long-term patient outcomes, this review synthesizes the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and management strategies of ICI-associated arrhythmias, while highlighting the transformative potential of artificial intelligence-enhanced monitoring in advancing precision cardio-oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1834378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:58:38Z","timestamp":1789372718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated arrhythmias: clinical challenges, artificial intelligence-enhanced monitoring, and management strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangzhu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxue","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz026","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"115","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042020-042741","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: clinical impact and mechanisms of response and resistance","volume":"16","author":"Bagchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.0726","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge after immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer","volume":"6","author":"Dolladille","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e075859","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-075859","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicity of immune therapies for cancer","volume":"385","author":"Palaskas","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4458","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac456","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer","volume":"43","author":"Thuny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044703","article-title":"Major adverse cardiovascular events and the timing and dose of corticosteroids in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12320","article-title":"Prediction of major adverse cardiac events is the first critical task in the management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Commun (Lond)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-025-00406-6","article-title":"Real-world analysis of cardiovascular adverse events and risk factors after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009364","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-009364","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy for the treatment of patients with cardiac metastasis: a multicenter international retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Nassar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-024-02462-x","article-title":"Adverse myocardial and vascular side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a prospective multimodal cardiovascular assessment","volume":"113","author":"Mirabel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.079","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors. JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"74","author":"Ball","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030571","article-title":"Clinical features, management, and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity","volume":"136","author":"Escudier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S477417","article-title":"Characteristics, incidence, and management of immune checkpoint inhibitors related cardiovascular adverse events in real-world practice-a retrospective study in Chinese Han population","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf147","article-title":"The predictive value of serial troponin measurements in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"30","author":"Gvili Perelman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-025-00389-4","article-title":"The predictive value of coronary artery calcium deposit for cardiovascular events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Slieman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0314555","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314555","article-title":"Adverse cardiovascular events and cardiac imaging findings in patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Kwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-023-02327-9","article-title":"High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity in high-risk cancer patients under immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"113","author":"Haj-Yehia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27604","article-title":"Cardiovascular events after cancer immunotherapy as oncologic emergencies: analyses of 610 head and neck cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"46","author":"Reyes-Gibby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6879","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.6879","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of immune-related adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors among older adults with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Rong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-023-00199-6","article-title":"Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"10","author":"Perelman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025455","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1025455","article-title":"Cardiac toxicity in patients with lung cancer receiving thoracic radiotherapy and immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Son","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000910","article-title":"A retrospective cohort study on the cardiotoxicity incidence rates of immune checkpoint inhibitors for oncology patients","volume":"86","author":"Ho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-022-00147-w","article-title":"The spectrum of cardiovascular complications related to immune-checkpoint inhibitor treatment: including myocarditis and the new entity of non inflammatory left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Andres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-022-00130-5","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity risk factors with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Brumberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyac150","article-title":"The incidence and risk of cardiovascular events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in Asian populations","volume":"52","author":"Chiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051145","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors-associated cardiotoxicity","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062858","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1062858","article-title":"Assessing the risk of cardiovascular events in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Torrente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969942","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.969942","article-title":"Cardiovascular adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a real world study from 2018 to 2022","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-021-00128-5","article-title":"Adverse cardiovascular complications following prescription of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors: a propensity-score matched cohort study with competing risk analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552211027339","article-title":"Immune-related myocarditis in two patients receiving camrelizumab therapy and document analysis","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2021.100252","article-title":"Cardiovascular adverse events are associated with usage of immune checkpoint inhibitors in real-world clinical data across the United States","volume":"6","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa884","article-title":"The risk of cardiac events in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a nationwide Danish study","volume":"42","author":"D\u2019Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-021-00097-9","article-title":"Newly diagnosed cardiovascular disease in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective analysis of patients at an academic tertiary care center","volume":"7","author":"Waheed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002545","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002545","article-title":"Predicting cardiac adverse events in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a machine learning approach","volume":"9","author":"Heilbroner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.08.024","article-title":"Coronary and aortic calcification are associated with cardiovascular events on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"322","author":"Schiffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2020.07.005","article-title":"Characterization of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity in lung cancer patients from a rural setting","volume":"2","author":"Moey","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2020.04.003","article-title":"A population-based study of immunotherapy-related toxicities in lung cancer","volume":"21","author":"Cathcart-Rake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2019.11.013","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse cardiovascular events in patients with lung cancer","volume":"1","author":"Chitturi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114912","article-title":"Do immune checkpoint inhibitors share the same pharmacological feature in the risk of cardiac arrhythmias?","volume":"164","author":"Mascolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-021-00106-x","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of cardiovascular adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Lal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2018.05.06","article-title":"The epidemiology of lung cancer","volume":"7","author":"de Groot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.15586\/codon.cutaneousmelanoma.2017.ch1","article-title":"Epidemiology of melanoma","volume-title":"Cutaneous Melanoma: Etiology and Therapy","author":"Matthews","year":"2017"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.08.036","article-title":"Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"75","author":"Capitanio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22560-y","article-title":"An integrative analysis of the age-associated multi-omic landscape across cancers","volume":"12","author":"Chatsirisupachai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.07.009","article-title":"Immunotherapy in older patients with cancer","volume":"44","author":"Granier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30608-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: an observational, retrospective, pharmacovigilance study","volume":"19","author":"Salem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023451","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor cardiotoxicity: understanding basic mechanisms and clinical characteristics and finding a cure","volume":"61","author":"Waliany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87049","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.87049","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: interpreting the discrepancy between clinical trials and real-world data","volume":"17","author":"Papanikolopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70087","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.70087","article-title":"Cardiac adverse events in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors in the adjuvant setting: an FDA pooled analysis","volume":"30","author":"Dilawari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272022","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272022","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy is associated with less cardiac toxicity than combination therapy","volume":"17","author":"Cone","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02760-2","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse cardiac events in patients with lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986357","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.986357","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a comprehensive disproportionality analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17172838","article-title":"Immunotherapy-associated cardiotoxicity: current insights and future directions for precision cardio-oncology","volume":"17","author":"Stefanou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000261","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000261","article-title":"Late cardiac adverse events in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Dolladille","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5438","article-title":"Arrhythmic events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy: a real-world study based on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102983","article-title":"The confounders of cancer immunotherapy: roles of lifestyle, metabolic disorders and sociological factors","volume":"12","author":"Deshpande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0705","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias in autoimmune diseases","volume":"84","author":"Gawa\u0142ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011590","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011590","article-title":"Hla-a*01:01-B*08:01-C*07:01 is linked to early-onset immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis and myocarditis","volume":"13","author":"M\u00fcller-Jensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20420986241312497","DOI":"10.1177\/20420986241312497","article-title":"Pharmacovigilance study on the reporting frequency of atrial fibrillation with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Insights from FDA Adverse Event Reporting System","volume":"16","author":"Balzano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13831","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13831","article-title":"Incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor mediated cardiovascular toxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Malaty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31043","article-title":"Comparison of the toxicity profile of PD-1 versus PD-L1 inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic analysis of the literature","volume":"124","author":"Pillai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0592-z","article-title":"Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2005.01.001","article-title":"Immunogenicity of engineered antibodies","volume":"36","author":"Hwang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0455-8","article-title":"Immune related adverse events associated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Bertrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006860","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1006860","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a frequency network meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2289","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Rubio-Infante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645245","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.645245","article-title":"Risk of cardiac adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908173","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.908173","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicity with PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609214","article-title":"Fulminant myocarditis with combination immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"375","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00714-3","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines and cardiac arrhythmias: the lesson from COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-01430-x","article-title":"The role of autoantibodies in arrhythmogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.06.032","article-title":"Autoantibodies and cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12467","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 expression on CD(4+) T cells and myeloid DCs correlates with the immune pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3390\/life15020245","article-title":"Anticancer chemotherapy-induced atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Izquierdo-Condoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e447","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30457-1","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors and cardiovascular toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Lyon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.114.008201","article-title":"Contemporary trends of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in the United States, 2000 through 2010: implications for healthcare planning","volume":"129","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.0280","article-title":"Risk of malignant cancer among women with new-onset atrial fibrillation","volume":"1","author":"Conen","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.4022\/jafib.2461","article-title":"Incidence of cancer treatment induced arrhythmia associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Joseph","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Atr Fibrillation"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.07.025","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients: a review when cardiology meets immuno-oncology","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101478","article-title":"Electrocardiographic features of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.1226","article-title":"Ominous electrocardiographic abnormalities in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"182","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055816","article-title":"Electrocardiographic manifestations of immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis","volume":"144","author":"Power","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.03.012","article-title":"Cardiac complications associated with checkpoint inhibition: a systematic review of the literature in an important emerging area","volume":"34","author":"Mir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57244","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.57244","article-title":"Cardiac challenges in immune checkpoint therapy: complete heart block with pembrolizumab","volume":"16","author":"Sabanci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2022.03.003","article-title":"Association of early electrical changes with cardiovascular outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis","volume":"115","author":"Power","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615209","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1615209","article-title":"Detecting subclinical cardiotoxicity during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a combined GLS and ECG repolarization analysis","volume":"15","author":"Oksen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072060","article-title":"ECG changes in melanoma patients undergoing cancer therapy-data from the ECoR registry","volume":"9","author":"Pohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0348-1","article-title":"Adverse cardiac effects of cancer therapies: cardiotoxicity and arrhythmia","volume":"17","author":"Herrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726426","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.726426","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors and the heart","volume":"8","author":"Mocan-Hognogi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020302","article-title":"Late-onset myocarditis following immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy: a case series with literature review","volume":"61","author":"Mu\u011flu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2024.02.006","article-title":"Artificial intelligence electrocardiography to predict atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"6","author":"Christopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45733-x","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-enabled prediction of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity from baseline electrocardiograms","volume":"15","author":"Yagi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011504","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.124.011504","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-enhanced risk stratification of cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction using electrocardiographic images","volume":"18","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.101435","article-title":"Multimodal fusion artificial intelligence model to predict risk for mace and myocarditis in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"4","author":"Ayoub","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.10.010","article-title":"How useful is the smartwatch ECG?","volume":"30","author":"Isakadze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2018.10.006","article-title":"The WATCH AF Trial: smartWATCHes for detection of atrial fibrillation","volume":"5","author":"D\u00f6rr","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901183","article-title":"Large-scale assessment of a smartwatch to identify atrial fibrillation","volume":"381","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15072170","article-title":"Cardiovascular immunotoxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic melanoma","volume":"15","author":"L'Orphelin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3340","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicities of immune therapies for cancer\u2014a scientific statement of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC and the ESC Council of Cardio-Oncology","volume":"26","author":"Tocchetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2020.11.012","article-title":"The evolving immunotherapy landscape and the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of cardiotoxicity: JACC: CardioOncology primer","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6385","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline","volume":"36","author":"Brahmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaa087","article-title":"Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in active cancer: what the cardiologists think","volume":"28","author":"Farmakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33470","article-title":"Thromboembolism, mortality, and bleeding in 2,435,541 atrial fibrillation patients with and without cancer: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"127","author":"Pastori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e333","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeac106","article-title":"2024 ESC guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)","volume":"23","author":"Lyon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-019-09924-y","article-title":"Electrophysiology translational considerations in cardio-oncology: QT and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Alomar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-019-0797-z","article-title":"Anticoagulation of cardiovascular conditions in the cancer patient: review of old and new therapies","volume":"21","author":"Rhea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae176","article-title":"2024 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"45","author":"Van Gelder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.026","article-title":"Insights into onco-cardiology: atrial fibrillation in cancer","volume":"63","author":"Farmakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-023-01677-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1834378\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:58:40Z","timestamp":1789372720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1834378\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1834378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1834378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"article-number":"1834378"}}