{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:07:03Z","timestamp":1790140023657,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poor sleep quality and fatigue are common and clinically important problems in patients with heart failure (HF). Warm water footbaths are a form of local heat therapy that can induce comfort, relieve fatigue, and improve insomnia through heat conduction. This study aimed to explore the effects of a warm-water footbath (WWFB) on sleep quality and fatigue in patients with HF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 86 patients with HF were randomized to the WWFB group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200943) or the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200943), and 74 completed follow-up. The WWFB group received a 42\u2005\u00b0C warm-water footbath for 20\u2005min each night for four weeks in addition to actigraphy monitoring, whereas the control group underwent actigraphy monitoring alone. Objective sleep parameters were recorded during the 4-week intervention, and subjective sleep quality and fatigue were assessed at baseline, week 4, and week 8.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with the control group, the WWFB group showed greater improvement in subjective sleep quality and fatigue over time. For objective sleep outcomes, sleep efficiency improved on several study days, and sleep latency was shorter on day 2, whereas total sleep time did not differ significantly between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>WWFB is a non-invasive and simple intervention that was associated with improved subjective sleep quality and reduced fatigue in this study. These findings support WWFB as a potential adjunct to home or clinical care for patients with HF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06287996<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier NCT06287996.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1834981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:49:30Z","timestamp":1790138970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of warm water footbath on sleep quality and fatigue in patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled 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Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chieh-Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Lieh","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, MacKay Medical University","place":["New Taipei City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsae-Jyy","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Deprtment of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing","place":["Tainan City, 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