{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:11:06Z","timestamp":1779257466473,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Supraventricular arrhythmias, especially new-onset atrial fibrillation, occur in approximately 8\u201346% of critically ill patients with sepsis, depending on the population and monitoring intensity. New-onset atrial fibrillation is independently associated with increased mortality, prolonged intensive care unit stay, and elevated thromboembolic risk. Sepsis-associated atrial fibrillation arises from the interplay of pre-existing patient risk factors, systemic inflammation, sepsis-induced atrial and ventricular remodeling, catecholamine exposure, mechanical ventilation, and electrolyte disturbances. Fluid loading further augments arrhythmia risk in the context of diastolic dysfunction and increased right-ventricular afterload in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Evidence regarding antiarrhythmic drug choice remains limited. The Propafenone vs. Amiodarone for Supraventricular Arrhythmias in Septic Shock trial, the only double-blind randomized comparison of these agents, showed similar 24-hour cardioversion rates but faster cardioversion and fewer recurrences with propafenone, with treatment effects strongly modified by left atrial volume index. Trials of ultra-short acting beta-blockers demonstrated reliable heart-rate control but heterogeneous and fragile mortality signals, with the suggested benefit largely driven by single-center esmolol data and not consistently reproduced in multicenter landiolol studies. Evidence for digoxin and magnesium supports primarily adjunctive roles rather than first-line rate- or rhythm-control strategies. No study has evaluated vernakalant specifically in sepsis, limiting the evidence for its use in hemodynamically unstable patients. Anticoagulation decisions in sepsis-associated new-onset atrial fibrillation are complicated by high bleeding risk, potential changes in stroke risk over time, and limited data on long-term thromboembolic outcomes, underscoring the need for individualized assessment. Overall, current evidence supports prioritizing correction of triggers and individualized selection of a rate- vs. rhythm-control strategy based on hemodynamic status, ventricular function, left atrial size, and arrhythmia characteristics. Future multicenter randomized trials are required to refine antiarrhythmic and anticoagulation strategies in this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1836476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:45:04Z","timestamp":1779255904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias in critical care patients with sepsis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tomas","family":"Tencer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, Motol and Homolka University Hospital and Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University","place":["Prague, Czechia"]},{"name":"Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University","place":["Prague, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Waldauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University","place":["Prague, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Balik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University","place":["Prague, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.04.027","article-title":"Propafenone for supraventricular arrhythmias in septic shock-comparison to amiodarone and metoprolol","volume":"41","author":"Balik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840615","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/840615","article-title":"Management of atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients","volume":"2014","author":"Arrigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0688-5","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with sepsis: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Kuipers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.5603\/AIT.a2017.0061","article-title":"Management of arrhythmia in sepsis and septic shock","volume":"49","author":"Balik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201603-0618OC","article-title":"Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of new-onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients with sepsis. A cohort study","volume":"195","author":"Klein Klouwenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-07895-0","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation in critical illness: state of the art","volume":"51","author":"Sibley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1615","article-title":"Incident stroke and mortality associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients hospitalized with severe sepsis","volume":"306","author":"Walkey","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.07.031","article-title":"Outcomes and management of stressor-associated atrial fibrillation: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"86","author":"Haimovich","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.03.040","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation in the ICU","volume":"154","author":"Bosch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4986-7","article-title":"Non-antiarrhythmic interventions in new onset and paroxysmal sepsis-related atrial fibrillation","volume":"44","author":"Vieillard-Baron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003560","article-title":"Risk factors for new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Bosch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05633-x","article-title":"New-onset atrial fibrillation in adult critically ill patients: a scoping review","volume":"45","author":"Wetterslev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002325","article-title":"New-onset atrial fibrillation in the critically ill","volume":"45","author":"Moss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R108","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9057","article-title":"Incidence and prognostic impact of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with septic shock: a prospective observational study","volume":"14","author":"Meierhenrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"233","article-title":"Electrolyte disorders and arrhythmogenesis","volume":"18","author":"El-Sherif","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13112643","article-title":"Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrhythmias: pathophysiology and implications for novel therapeutic approaches","volume":"13","author":"Pamporis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf340","article-title":"Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"46","author":"Aissaoui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae176","article-title":"2024 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"45","author":"Van Gelder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-08137-z","article-title":"ESICM guidelines on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring 2025","volume":"51","author":"Monnet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.20402","article-title":"Personalized hemodynamic resuscitation targeting capillary refill time in early septic shock: the Andromeda-Shock-2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"334","author":"Hernandez","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-026-08361-1","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2026","author":"Prescott","year":"2026","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85387","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.85387","article-title":"Sepsis-induced atrial fibrillation: can we predict and prevent this high-risk complication?","volume":"17","author":"Tamazyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/s0079-6107(03)00011-7","article-title":"Mechano-electric feedback and atrial fibrillation","volume":"82","author":"Ravelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.4022\/jafib.654","article-title":"Role of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in predicting atrial fibrillation recurrence after successful electrical cardioversion","volume":"5","author":"Melduni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Atr Fibrillation"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-01277-2","article-title":"Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy: a comprehensive review","volume":"22","author":"L'Heureux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3748-7","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in septic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Sanfilippo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07748-2","article-title":"Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is prevalent but not associated with mortality in patients with septic shock","volume":"51","author":"Vignon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2025.03.011","article-title":"Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography and for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction diagnosis: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"38","author":"Nagueh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2025.09.024","article-title":"Caution is warranted when applying algorithms for assessing left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and filling pressure in critically ill patients","volume":"39","author":"Sanfilippo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15202612","article-title":"From fluid responsiveness to prognosis: the emerging role of point-of-care echocardiography in sepsis","volume":"15","author":"Piccioni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2021.01.002","article-title":"The cardiovascular effects of positive pressure ventilation","volume":"21","author":"Corp","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0552-z","article-title":"Is there a safe plateau pressure in ards? The right heart only knows","volume":"33","author":"Jardin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuad157","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of right ventricular failure secondary to acutely increased right ventricular afterload (acute cor pulmonale): a clinical consensus statement of the Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"13","author":"Arrigo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1013","article-title":"Prone positioning unloads the right ventricle in severe ards","volume":"132","author":"Vieillard-Baron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000267","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the heart Side of the moon","volume":"22","author":"Repesse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31823778ee","article-title":"Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"De Backer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907118","article-title":"Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock","volume":"362","author":"De Backer","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-017-0264-6","article-title":"Time to re-think the use of dobutamine in sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05540-2","article-title":"Vasopressin and its analogues in patients with septic shock: holy grail or unfulfilled promise?","volume":"29","author":"Lajoye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.4528","article-title":"Association of vasopressin plus catecholamine vasopressors vs catecholamines alone with atrial fibrillation in patients with distributive shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"319","author":"McIntyre","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-025-10087-3","article-title":"Corticosteroid use and atrial fibrillation: exploring underlying mechanisms, faers disproportionality analysis, and a meta-analysis of clinical studies","volume":"26","author":"Hardi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Toxicol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40801-021-00230-1","article-title":"Using medicare data to assess the proarrhythmic risk of non-cardiac treatment drugs that prolong the Qt interval in older adults: an observational cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Fung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs-Real World Outcomes"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2351w","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia in critically ill sepsis patients","volume":"7","author":"Velissaris","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.048","article-title":"Serum potassium levels and the risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"168","author":"Krijthe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217432","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217432","article-title":"Association of hypokalemia with an increased risk for medically treated arrhythmias","volume":"14","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.17888","article-title":"Potassium supplementation and prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: the tight K randomized clinical trial","volume":"332","author":"O'Brien","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0292974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292974","article-title":"Magnesium prophylaxis of new-onset atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Curran","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12189","article-title":"Magnesium adjunctive therapy in atrial arrhythmias","volume":"36","author":"Ganga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15911","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous magnesium for the management of non-post operative atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Enayati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.6572","article-title":"Magnesium supplementation and tachyarrhythmias: a nonrandomized clinical trial","volume":"186","author":"Goulden","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e031678","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031678","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 1c class antiarrhythmic agent (propafenone) for supraventricular arrhythmias in septic shock compared to amiodarone: protocol of a prospective randomised double-blind study","volume":"9","author":"Balik","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14262","article-title":"New-onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill adult patients-an SSAI clinical practice guideline","volume":"67","author":"Andreasen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07208-3","article-title":"Propafenone versus amiodarone for supraventricular arrhythmias in septic shock: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Balik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2024.154832","article-title":"Echocardiography predictors of sustained Sinus rhythm after cardioversion of supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with septic shock","volume":"83","author":"Balik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuae023","article-title":"The outcomes of patients with septic shock treated with propafenone compared to amiodarone for supraventricular arrhythmias are related to end-systolic left atrial volume","volume":"13","author":"Waldauf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001257","article-title":"Disappointing success of electrical cardioversion for new-onset atrial fibrillation in cardiosurgical ICU patients","volume":"43","author":"Arrigo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-08112-8","article-title":"Echocardiography guided management of atrial fibrillation","volume":"51","author":"Balik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021375","article-title":"A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"347","author":"Van Gelder","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021328","article-title":"A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"347","author":"Wyse","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708789","article-title":"Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure","volume":"358","author":"Roy","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.03.002","article-title":"Atrial arrhythmias in patients with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"166","author":"O'Meara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.049","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of heart rate control medications for the treatment of sepsis-associated atrial fibrillation","volume":"159","author":"Bosch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6136","article-title":"Clinical review: treatment of new-onset atrial fibrillation in medical intensive care patients\u2013a clinical framework","volume":"11","author":"Sleeswijk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061437","article-title":"Efficacy of I.V. amiodarone in converting rapid atrial fibrillation and flutter to Sinus rhythm in intensive care patients","volume":"4","author":"Faniel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066607310181","article-title":"Efficacy of magnesium-amiodarone step-up scheme in critically ill patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation: a prospective observational study","volume":"23","author":"Sleeswijk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06639-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of amiodarone versus digitalis for heart rate control in critically ill patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Gillmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000668","article-title":"Intravenous amiodarone in intensive care. Time for a reappraisal?","volume":"26","author":"Hughes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2165\/11532320-000000000-00000","article-title":"Amiodarone: review of pulmonary effects and toxicity","volume":"33","author":"Papiris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000151048.72393.44","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity during rapid intravenous loading with amiodarone: description of three cases and review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Ratz Bravo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-008-1017-2","article-title":"Incidence and predictability of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism","volume":"120","author":"Hofmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2013202338","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-202338","article-title":"Amiodarone-induced myxoedema coma","volume":"2014","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"UD01","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/24710.9674","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome complicated by amiodarone induced pulmonary fibrosis: don't Let your guard down","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12594","article-title":"Acute liver failure with amiodarone infusion: a case report and systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199103213241201","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial","volume":"324","author":"Echt","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-19-0076","article-title":"Urgent control of rapid atrial fibrillation by landiolol in patients with acute decompensated heart failure with severely reduced ejection fraction","volume":"1","author":"Iwahashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Rep"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30037-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of landiolol for sepsis-related tachyarrhythmia (J-Land 3s): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Kakihana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.20134","article-title":"Landiolol and organ failure in patients with septic shock (Stress-L): randomized clinical trial","volume":"330","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07587-1","article-title":"Landiolol for heart rate control in patients with septic shock and persistent tachycardia. A multicenter randomized clinical trial (landi-sep)","volume":"50","author":"Rehberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.278477","article-title":"Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"310","author":"Morelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.08.020","article-title":"Mortality in patients with sepsis treated with esmolol or landiolol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis","volume":"167","author":"Sato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05174-w","article-title":"Mortality in septic patients treated with short-acting betablockers: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"28","author":"Alexandru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200106000-00011","article-title":"Amiodarone versus diltiazem for rate control in critically ill patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"29","author":"Delle Karth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2023.06.009","article-title":"Beta-Blockers, digoxin, or both following an incident diagnosis of atrial fibrillation: a prospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Brophy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2023.07.013","article-title":"Beta-blockers and digoxin in atrial fibrillation: back to the future","volume":"39","author":"Dorian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03470-y","article-title":"Effect of digoxin on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation with and without heart failure: an Umbrella review of systematic reviews and 12 meta-analyses","volume":"79","author":"Gazzaniga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199702203360801","article-title":"The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure","volume":"336","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415471","article-title":"Digitoxin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"393","author":"Bavendiek","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.23138","article-title":"Effect of digoxin vs bisoprolol for heart rate control in atrial fibrillation on patient-reported quality of life: the rate-af randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Kotecha","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000001153","article-title":"Association of intravenous digoxin use in acute heart failure with rapid atrial fibrillation and short-term mortality according to patient age, renal function, and serum potassium","volume":"31","author":"Miro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.870204","article-title":"Vernakalant hydrochloride for the rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Kowey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.07.046","article-title":"A randomized active-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of vernakalant to amiodarone in recent-onset atrial fibrillation","volume":"57","author":"Camm","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-025-00951-y","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of vernakalant vs flecainide for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in the emergency department: the Verita Study","volume":"18","author":"Dominijanni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826286","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/826286","article-title":"Suitability, efficacy, and safety of vernakalant for new onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients","volume":"2014","author":"Rudiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12508","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12508","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intravenous vernakalant for the rapid conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Akel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.2181","article-title":"Practice patterns and outcomes associated with use of anticoagulation among patients with atrial fibrillation during sepsis","volume":"1","author":"Walkey","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.10.022","article-title":"Sepsis-driven atrial fibrillation and ischaemic stroke. Is there enough evidence to recommend anticoagulation?","volume":"98","author":"Induruwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009494","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.122.009494","article-title":"Practice patterns and outcomes associated with anticoagulation use following sepsis hospitalizations with new-onset atrial fibrillation","volume":"16","author":"Walkey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230854","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1230854","article-title":"Sepsis-induced coagulopathy is associated with new episodes of atrial fibrillation in patients admitted to critical care in Sinus rhythm","volume":"10","author":"Ortega-Martorell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-021-02235-8","article-title":"Clinical prediction scores and early anticoagulation therapy for new-onset atrial fibrillation in critical illness: a post-hoc analysis","volume":"21","author":"Sakuraya","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20250120","DOI":"10.62675\/2965-2774.20250120","article-title":"The quandary of anticoagulation for sepsis patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation","volume":"37","author":"Teixeira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care Sci"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2024.101364","article-title":"Left atrial volume Index: a predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence following direct current cardioversion - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Raniga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100571","article-title":"Impact of patient characteristics on the efficacy and safety of landiolol in patients with sepsis-related tachyarrhythmia: subanalysis of the J-Land 3s randomised controlled study","volume":"28","author":"Matsuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"eClinicalMed"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-06998-8","article-title":"Vasopressin in patients with septic shock and dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction","volume":"34","author":"Balik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0245752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245752","article-title":"The prevalence and clinical outcome of supraventricular tachycardia in different etiologies of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Fingrova","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1836476\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:45:05Z","timestamp":1779255905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1836476\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1836476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1836476","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"article-number":"1836476"}}