{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:00:32Z","timestamp":1785128432712,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are interconnected global health epidemics that substantially contribute to worldwide morbidity and mortality. We aimed to provide a systematic overview of the epidemiological links and shared pathophysiological mechanisms between MASLD and CAD, evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies with dual benefits, and advocate for an integrated \u201cdual-heart-liver\u201d management model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We synthesize current evidence to examine the epidemiological link between MASLD and CAD and their shared pathophysiological mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, metabolic imbalance, insulin resistance, and genetic associations. We also discuss the roles of genetic predisposition, lifestyle modification, and combination therapies in improving patient outcomes. Furthermore, recent advances in pharmacotherapy\u2014such as resmetirom, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, FGF21 analogues, PCSK9 inhibitors, and PPAR agonists\u2014are evaluated for their dual benefits on hepatic and cardiovascular health<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiological studies confirm a bidirectional, mutually reinforcing relationship between MASLD and CAD, which are linked through multiple pathophysiological pathways. In terms of treatment, novel pharmacotherapies\u2014such as resmetirom, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, FGF21 analogues, PCSK9 inhibitors, and PPAR agonists\u2014show considerable potential for conferring concurrent hepatic and cardiovascular benefits. Furthermore, combination therapies also play important roles in optimizing patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review calls for a paradigm shift toward an integrated \u201cdual-heart-liver\u201d management model, emphasizing the need for systematic cardiovascular risk assessment in MASLD patients and the implementation of collaborative care strategies to improve long-term prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1843719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T04:25:18Z","timestamp":1785126318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heart-liver co-management: epidemiology, mechanisms, and novel therapeutic approaches for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and coronary artery disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sirui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangkun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenming","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","article-title":"A multisociety delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"78","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10620-y","article-title":"Breaking new ground: mASLD vs. MAFLD-which holds the key for risk stratification?","volume":"18","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Mej\u00eda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00523-4","article-title":"Advancing the global public health agenda for NAFLD: a consensus statement. Nature reviews","volume":"19","author":"Lazarus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad380","article-title":"Genetic, sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical risk factors of recurrent coronary artery disease events: a population-based cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.021","article-title":"A meta-analysis on the global prevalence, risk factors and screening of coronary heart disease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Toh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172","DOI":"10.1161\/ATV.0000000000000153","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"42","author":"Duell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arterioscler, Thromb, Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.04.014","article-title":"Mortality outcomes by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2029349","article-title":"Prospective study of outcomes in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"385","author":"Sanyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8489238","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8489238","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease: big brothers in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"2020","author":"Montemezzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"TheScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e189953","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI189953","article-title":"Disease classification, diagnostic challenges, and evolving clinical trial design in MASLD","volume":"135","author":"Munk Lauridsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10595","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910595","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease: a bidirectional association based on endothelial dysfunction","volume":"25","author":"Ktenopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of resmetirom in NASH with liver fibrosis","volume":"390","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001245","article-title":"Resmetirom: steatosis down, fibrosis out, peace of mind in","volume":"81","author":"Udompap","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.03.022","article-title":"Resmetirom directly inhibits lipid accumulation in human liver-derived organoids","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.12.006","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of GLP-1\/FGF21 dual agonist HEC88473 in MASLD and T2DM: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"82","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.07.006","article-title":"Effect of pemvidutide, a GLP-1\/glucagon dual receptor agonist, on MASLD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"82","author":"Harrison","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101032","article-title":"SGLT2 Inhibitors for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after myocardial infarction: a nationwide observation registry study from SWEDEHEART","volume":"45","author":"Ros\u00e9n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01389-3","article-title":"SGLT2 Inhibitors ameliorate NAFLD in mice via downregulating PFKFB3, suppressing glycolysis and modulating macrophage polarization","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2502242","article-title":"Efruxifermin in compensated liver cirrhosis caused by MASH","volume":"392","author":"Noureddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01073-6","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of once-weekly efruxifermin versus placebo in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (HARMONY): 96-week results from a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial","volume":"406","author":"Noureddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2024.100018","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and related disorders: current and emerging therapeutic options","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915925","article-title":"Management of coronary disease in patients with advanced kidney disease","volume":"382","author":"Bangalore","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02996-7","article-title":"Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial","volume":"30","author":"Ryan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"81","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001168","article-title":"2023 AHA\/ACC\/ACCP\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology joint committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"148","author":"Virani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae177","article-title":"2024 ESC guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes","volume":"45","author":"Vrints","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32534","article-title":"Relationship between NAFLD and coronary artery disease: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"77","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328105","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk in paediatric and young adult non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"72","author":"Simon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab212","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular events in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Alon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01435-2","article-title":"Associations between MASLD, atrial fibrillation, cardiovascular events, mortality and aspirin use in older adults","volume":"47","author":"Clayton-Chubb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00308-3","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Mantovani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac212","article-title":"Evaluating the role of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study in europeans and east asians","volume":"52","author":"Au Yeung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15791","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415791","article-title":"Genetic and diet-induced animal models for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) research","volume":"23","author":"Flessa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.05.007","article-title":"Therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of NASH with genetically validated targets","volume":"79","author":"Lind\u00e9n","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01213-2","article-title":"Loss of SREBP-1c ameliorates iron-induced liver fibrosis by decreasing lipocalin-2","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6661858","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6661858","article-title":"Prevalence of GCKR rs1260326 variant in subjects with obesity associated NAFLD and T2DM: a case-control study in south punjab, Pakistan","volume":"2023","author":"Nisar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad845","article-title":"Genetic inhibition of angiopoietin-like protein-3, lipids, and cardiometabolic risk","volume":"45","author":"Gobeil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05024-3","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease: assessing the evidence for causality","volume":"63","author":"Brouwers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.34172\/mejdd.2020.166","article-title":"Assessment of genetic aspects of non-alcoholic fatty liver and premature cardiovascular events","volume":"12","author":"Saki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Middle East J Dig Dis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R52","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0490","article-title":"Pathophysiology of NASH in endocrine diseases","volume":"10","author":"Gariani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.12.012","article-title":"Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: an observational cohort study","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325724","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and incident major adverse cardiovascular events: results from a nationwide histology cohort","volume":"71","author":"Simon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210260","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.210260","article-title":"Hepatosteatosis and atherosclerotic plaque at coronary CT angiography","volume":"4","author":"Carter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol Cardiothor Imaging"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016465","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.123.016465","article-title":"Impact of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis on the warranty period of a coronary artery calcium score of 0: results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1525","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with coronary artery calcification development: a longitudinal study","volume":"101","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0186720","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186720","article-title":"Severity of coronary artery disease is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver dis-ease: a single-blinded prospective mono-center study","volume":"12","author":"Friedrich-Rust","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12065","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver in nondiabetic patients with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"43","author":"Boddi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28253","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes after fatty liver screening in patients undergoing coronary angiogram: a prospective cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319713479155","article-title":"Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease complexity in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a pilot study","volume":"64","author":"A\u011fa\u00e7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"201","article-title":"Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"12","author":"Baharvand-Ahmadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2011.242016","article-title":"Coronary artery disease and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"60","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071847","article-title":"The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and its association with physical function and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Noda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10252-0","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and major adverse cardiac events in patients with chronic coronary syndrome: a matched case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/26324636251383229","article-title":"Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in angiographically proven cases of coronary artery disease","volume":"7","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ind J Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.034","article-title":"Fibrosis severity as a determinant of cause-specific mortality in patients with advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a multi-national cohort study","volume":"155","author":"Vilar-Gomez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.027","article-title":"Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD","volume":"67","author":"Hagstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.043","article-title":"Association between fibrosis stage and outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29085","article-title":"Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Dulai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.043","article-title":"Liver fibrosis, but No other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"149","author":"Angulo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.013","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Targher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102292","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease increases the risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Moon","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMed"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-331003","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-03880-5","article-title":"Association between severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12549","article-title":"Markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease","volume":"29","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000096","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and beyond: from mechanism to pharmacotherapies","volume":"73","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-08-1169","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: the first step toward coronary arteriosclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Vanhoutte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20781","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Villanova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0592-y","article-title":"Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and eNOS dysfunction in humans","volume":"17","author":"Persico","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.04.005","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: pathophysiological mechanisms and implications","volume":"65","author":"Francque","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.07.027","article-title":"Plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"60","author":"Kasumov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metab, Clin Exp"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15020163","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: pathogenetic links to cardiovascular risk","volume":"15","author":"Ionescu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980112","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.980112","article-title":"Endothelial microparticles: a mechanosensitive regulator of vascular homeostasis and injury under shear stress","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13716","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13716","article-title":"Endothelial progenitor cells for fabrication of engineered vascular units and angiogenesis induction","volume":"57","author":"Rashidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6667","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136667","article-title":"Endothelial progenitor cells dysfunctions and cardiometabolic disorders: from mechanisms to therapeutic approaches","volume":"22","author":"Peyter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081189","article-title":"New insights into non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease: the liver-heart axis","volume":"12","author":"Cazac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.10.011","article-title":"Circulating levels and hepatic expression of molecular mediators of atherosclerosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"209","author":"Sookoian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dmm048884","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.048884","article-title":"Synergic effect of atorvastatin and ambrisentan on sinusoidal and hemodynamic alterations in a rat model of NASH","volume":"14","author":"Bravo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2013.00099","article-title":"Emerging role of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in liver diseases","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1943514","article-title":"Association between the liver fat score (LFS) and cardiovascular diseases in the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999\u20132016","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.154028","article-title":"Adiponectin and leptin in the diagnosis and therapy of NAFLD","volume":"103","author":"Boutari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"goad059","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goad059","article-title":"Predicted pro-inflammatory hs-CRP score and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Okekunle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0237","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and its fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134165","article-title":"Insulin resistance drives hepatic de novo lipogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"130","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01383-7","article-title":"The relationship between type 2 diabetes, NAFLD, and cardiovascular risk","volume":"21","author":"Caussy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2625","article-title":"Genetically driven hyperglycemia increases risk of coronary artery disease separately from type 2 diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Merino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481505","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1481505","article-title":"An update on ox-LDL-inducing vascular smooth muscle cell-derived foam cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925923","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.925923","article-title":"Mechanisms of oxidized LDL-mediated endothelial dysfunction and its consequences for the development of atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063346","article-title":"Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Jebari-Benslaiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.03.015","article-title":"Spatial regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by hepatic insulin signaling","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2023.01.003","article-title":"Lipid disorders and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"52","author":"Anwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101238","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism","volume":"50","author":"Heeren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2024.100638","article-title":"Emerging therapies for MASLD and their impact on plasma lipids","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636947","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.636947","article-title":"Mechanisms of atherosclerosis induced by postprandial lipemia","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13942","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813942","article-title":"Postprandial hyperlipidemia: its pathophysiology, diagnosis, atherogenesis, and treatments","volume":"24","author":"Yanai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101092","article-title":"Dysregulated lipid metabolism links NAFLD to cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Deprince","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B97","first-page":"A24","article-title":"Atherogenic, dense low-density lipoproteins. Pathophysiology and new therapeutic approaches","volume":"19","author":"Chapman M","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304286","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of the FGF21 analogue pegozafermin in NASH","volume":"389","author":"Loomba","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9245","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239245","article-title":"Fatty-acid-binding protein 4 as a novel contributor to mononuclear cell activation and endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00272-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of once-weekly efruxifermin versus placebo in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (HARMONY): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial","volume":"8","author":"Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2012.18.3.279","article-title":"Enhanced a-FABP expression in visceral fat: potential contributor to the progression of NASH","volume":"18","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"152","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020174","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: implications for prevention and therapy","volume":"10","author":"Arroyave-Ospina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13622","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13622","article-title":"Mitochondria, oxidative stress and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a complex relationship","volume":"52","author":"Karkucinska-Wieckowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121702","article-title":"Oxidative stress in NAFLD: role of nutrients and food contaminants","volume":"10","author":"Rives","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824481","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.824481","article-title":"Oxidized lipids: common immunogenic drivers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Hoebinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233843","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Batty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0996-z","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation, key targets of atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability: potential impact of physical activity","volume":"48","author":"Mury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Medicine)"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.038","article-title":"An integrated view of anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic targets for the treatment of NASH","volume":"79","author":"Tacke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00807-x","article-title":"Hepatic inflammatory responses in liver fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Hammerich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14637","article-title":"The association of the steatosis severity in fatty liver disease with coronary plaque pattern in general population","volume":"41","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02603-1","article-title":"Resmetirom for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"29","author":"Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15930","article-title":"The first MASH drug therapy on the horizon: current perspectives of resmetirom","volume":"44","author":"Petta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3668","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3668","article-title":"Why do some glucose-lowering agents improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease whereas others do not? A narrative review in search of a unifying hypothesis","volume":"39","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70196","article-title":"Review article: gLP-1 receptor agonists and glucagon\/GIP\/GLP-1 receptor dual or triple agonists\u2014mechanism of action and emerging therapeutic landscape in MASLD","volume":"61","author":"Zafer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14174","article-title":"The dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, tirzepatide, improves lipoprotein biomarkers associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obes Metab"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17925","article-title":"Impacts of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on the risk of adverse liver outcomes in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes","volume":"59","author":"Elsaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.4661","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and risk for cirrhosis and related complications in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"184","author":"Kanwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00203-5","article-title":"Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"9","author":"Sattar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00338-7","article-title":"Mechanisms and possible hepatoprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and other incretin receptor agonists in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"8","author":"Targher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01412-5","article-title":"The dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide: a novel cardiometabolic therapeutic prospect","volume":"20","author":"Fisman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14090668","article-title":"Expanding the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in T2D patients across clinical settings","volume":"14","author":"Cuttone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06057-5","article-title":"Cardiovascular and mortality outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists vs other glucose-lowering drugs in individuals with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes: a large population-based matched cohort study","volume":"67","author":"Krishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00261-2","article-title":"Efficacy of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Mantovani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155657","article-title":"SGLT2 Inhibitor empagliflozin downregulates miRNA-34a-5p and targets GREM2 to inactivate hepatic stellate cells and ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated fibrosis","volume":"146","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metab, Clin Exp"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad249","article-title":"Canagliflozin and metabolic associated fatty liver disease in patients with diabetes mellitus: new insights from CANVAS","volume":"108","author":"Borisov","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.03.005","article-title":"SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01506-8","article-title":"Infarct size, inflammatory burden, and admission hyperglycemia in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with SGLT2-inhibitors: a multicenter international registry","volume":"21","author":"Paolisso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01904-6","article-title":"Impact of the SGLT2-inhibitor empagliflozin on inflammatory biomarkers after acute myocardial infarction\u2014a post-hoc analysis of the EMMY trial","volume":"22","author":"Benedikt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12534","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a hepatokine involved in MASLD progression","volume":"12","author":"Gallego-Dur\u00e1n","year":"2024","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83075","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83075","article-title":"FGF21 Protects against hepatic lipotoxicity and macrophage activation to attenuate fibrogenesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00347-8","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of pegozafermin in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1b\/2a multiple-ascending-dose study","volume":"8","author":"Loomba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117799","article-title":"Association of circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"555","author":"Tucker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.10.145","article-title":"Relationship of fibroblast growth factor 21 with the prevalence and progression of vascular and valvular calcification: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"370","author":"Sayanthan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab076","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment with FGF21 strongly improves plasma cholesterol metabolism to reduce atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02459-w","article-title":"Reduced circulating CD63\u2009+\u2009extracellular vesicle levels associate with atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic mice and humans","volume":"23","author":"Kestecher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.5218","article-title":"Effect of alirocumab added to high-intensity statin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the PACMAN-AMI randomized clinical trial","volume":"327","author":"R\u00e4ber","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061620","article-title":"Long-term evolocumab in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"146","author":"O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037184","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a), PCSK9 inhibition, and cardiovascular risk","volume":"139","author":"O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.03.499","article-title":"An oral PCSK9 inhibitor for treatment of hypercholesterolemia: the PURSUIT randomized trial","volume":"85","author":"Koren","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae009","article-title":"PCSK9 Genetic variants and risk of vascular and non-vascular diseases in Chinese and UK populations","volume":"31","author":"Holmes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1858","article-title":"Pcsk9 deletion promotes murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic carcinogenesis: role of cholesterol","volume":"6","author":"Ioannou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00366-5","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors","volume":"18","author":"Francque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.07.004","article-title":"Treating NASH by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors","volume":"79","author":"Staels","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907929","article-title":"Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"362","author":"Sanyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-1774","article-title":"Long-term pioglitazone treatment for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial","volume":"165","author":"Cusi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67528-9","article-title":"Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive study (PROspective pioglitAzone clinical trial in macroVascular events): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"366","author":"Dormandy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506930","article-title":"Pioglitazone after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack","volume":"374","author":"Kernan","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47919-9","article-title":"The pan-PPAR agonist lanifibranor improves cardiometabolic health in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"15","author":"Cooreman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2036205","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of the pan-PPAR agonist lanifibranor in NASH","volume":"385","author":"Francque","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31843","article-title":"Saroglitazar, a PPAR-\u03b1\/\u03b3 agonist, for treatment of NAFLD: a randomized controlled double-blind phase 2 trial","volume":"74","author":"Gawrieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210645","article-title":"Triglyceride lowering with pemafibrate to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"387","author":"Das Pradhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2413258","article-title":"Phase 3 trial of semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"392","author":"Sanyal","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563","article-title":"Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Lincoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812389","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"380","author":"Wiviott","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0165","article-title":"Effect of empagliflozin on liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial (E-LIFT trial)","volume":"41","author":"Kuchay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615664","article-title":"Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"376","author":"Sabatine","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801174","article-title":"Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome","volume":"379","author":"Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2022.2132229","article-title":"The role of PCSK9 in NAFLD\/NASH and therapeutic implications of PCSK9 inhibition","volume":"15","author":"Momtazi-Borojeni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028395","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneous semaglutide in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"384","author":"Newsome","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2401943","article-title":"Tirzepatide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis with liver fibrosis","volume":"391","author":"Loomba","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70382","article-title":"Effects of resmetirom on metabolic-dysfunction associated steatohepatitis in patients with weight loss and\/or diabetes taking glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and other diabetes therapies: a secondary analysis of the MAESTRO-NASH trial","volume":"62","author":"Noureddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EVIDoa2300286","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2300286","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in myocardial infarction without diabetes or heart failure","volume":"3","author":"James","year":"2024","journal-title":"NEJM Evidence"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280241259528","article-title":"Resmetirom: the first food and drug administration-approved medication for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)","volume":"59","author":"Guirguis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573621","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1573621","article-title":"Identification of biomarkers between coronary artery disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a combination of bioinformatics and machine learning","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1374","article-title":"Shared genetic links between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease","volume":"19","author":"Di","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.3c00395","article-title":"NAFLDkb: a knowledge base and platform for drug development against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15040255","article-title":"Drug repurposing for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by analyzing networks among drugs, diseases, and genes","volume":"15","author":"Altaf-Ul-Amin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04348-9","article-title":"Large language models in clinical trials: applications, technical advances, and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000323","article-title":"AASLD Practice guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"77","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.005","article-title":"Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"149","author":"Vilar-Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1843719\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T04:25:20Z","timestamp":1785126320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1843719\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":173,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1843719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1843719","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"article-number":"1843719"}}