{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T13:51:30Z","timestamp":1782913890314,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u9879\u76ee\u7f16\u53f782360062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u9879\u76ee\u7f16\u53f782360062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac fibrosis is pivotal in the progression of various cardiovascular diseases, ultimately leading to heart failure. Traditionally, research has focused on the activation and transformation of cardiac fibroblasts. However, the heart's complexity, involving multiple cell types, means fibrosis is not driven by a single cell type but by a network of intercellular communication. This network includes signaling mediators from the pericardial space, a crucial regulatory compartment for intercellular cross-talk. This article reviews recent advances that surpass the traditional single-cell approach, providing an in-depth analysis of the complex networks involved in myocardial fibrosis. These networks encompass cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells like macrophages and T cells, which interact through paracrine signaling, direct cell-cell contact, and extracellular vesicle-mediated mechanisms. The review delves into the molecular mechanisms of these communication modes, clarifying the functional outcomes of each signaling pathway in fibrosis initiation and persistence. It also summarizes the phenotypic changes and functional impairments caused by abnormal intercellular crosstalk, such as excessive extracellular matrix deposition, myocardial stiffness, electrical signal disturbances, and cardiac contractile dysfunction. Additionally, the review examines the latest therapeutic strategies and potential intervention targets, focusing on specific cytokines, signaling pathways, or vesicular delivery systems. It discusses the translational value of preclinical findings, the limitations of single-target interventions, and the need for multi-target combined strategies. The article concludes with insights into core regulatory nodes and future optimization directions for anti-fibrotic therapy. This exploration aims to provide new theoretical foundations and directions for developing precise and effective anti-fibrotic therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1858990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T13:38:10Z","timestamp":1782913090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond cardiac fibroblasts: research advances on understanding and targeting intercellular communication networks in cardiac fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiduo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianyu","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youjun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuyou","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengnan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa324","article-title":"Cardiac fibrosis","volume":"117","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9700","article-title":"Fibroblast involvement in cardiac remodeling and repair under ischemic conditions","volume":"21","author":"Ceau\u015fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00043-7","article-title":"Fibroblasts orchestrate cellular crosstalk in the heart through the ECM","volume":"1","author":"Bowers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.058777","article-title":"Connecting different heart diseases through intercellular communication","volume":"10","author":"Martins-Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80479","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.80479","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-Seq of heart reveals intercellular communication drivers of myocardial fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.123356","article-title":"PTN Secreted by cardiac fibroblasts promotes myocardial fibrosis and inflammation of pressure overload-induced hypertrophic cardiomyopathy through the PTN-SDC4 pathway","volume":"363","author":"Sheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e41157","article-title":"The role of the extracellular matrix in cardiac regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.08.063","article-title":"Mechanosensor YAP cooperates with TGF-\u03b21 signaling to promote myofibroblast activation and matrix stiffening in a 3D model of human cardiac fibrosis","volume":"152","author":"Ragazzini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718432","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.718432","article-title":"Trafficking of mononuclear phagocytes in healthy arteries and atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Tomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05624-7","article-title":"Identification of macrophage driver genes in fibrosis caused by different heart diseases based on omics integration","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2021.106076","article-title":"Ischemic heart disease: cellular and molecular immune contributions of the pericardium","volume":"140","author":"Dundas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjtc.2023.03.018","article-title":"Feasibility study of intraoperative pericardial fluid biomarkers and length of stay after cardiac surgery","volume":"19","author":"Goeddel","year":"2023","journal-title":"JTCVS tech"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3207-9_1","article-title":"Isolation, purification, and culture of primary murine hepatic stellate cells: an update","volume":"2669","author":"Meurer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.101214","article-title":"Atlas of regional left ventricular scar in nonischemic cardiomyopathies: substrates and etiologies","volume":"3","author":"Del Franco","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.09.021","article-title":"Right predominant electrical remodeling in a pure model of pulmonary hypertension promotes reentrant arrhythmias","volume":"19","author":"Strauss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1113\/jp283346","article-title":"Intercellular model predicts mechanisms of inflammation-fibrosis coupling after myocardial infarction","volume":"601","author":"Chowkwale","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2022.06.003","article-title":"The physics of heart rhythm disorders","volume":"978","author":"Rappel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10218-w","article-title":"Myocardial fibrosis and prognosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.122.20601","article-title":"Angiotensin II type 1A receptor expressed in smooth muscle cells is required for hypertensive vascular remodeling in mice infused with angiotensin II","volume":"80","author":"Okuno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2024.2316735","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 as a therapeutic target in the infarcted and failing heart: cellular mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"28","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109826","article-title":"The role of smad signaling cascades in cardiac fibrosis","volume":"77","author":"Hanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2024.107671","article-title":"Exploring the role of pericardial miRNAs and exosomes in modulating cardiac fibrosis","volume":"73","author":"Schoettler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.11817\/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220636","article-title":"Research progress in the cardiac lymphatic system and myocardial repair after myocardial infarction","volume":"48","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110244","article-title":"The protective role of GATA6(+) pericardial macrophages in pericardial inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Hughes","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8329","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158329","article-title":"Pericardial fluid accumulates microRNAs that regulate heart fibrosis after myocardial infarction","volume":"25","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3791\/62720","article-title":"An intact pericardium ischemic rodent model","author":"Fatehi Hassanabad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019169","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.019169","article-title":"Autocrine signaling in cardiac remodeling: a rich source of therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Segers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.120.317244","article-title":"Mir-30d regulates cardiac remodeling by intracellular and paracrine signaling","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabo4616","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo4616","article-title":"Knockdown of deleterious miRNA in progenitor cell-derived small extracellular vesicles enhances tissue repair in myocardial infarction","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2023.03.009","article-title":"Cellular reprogramming of fibroblasts in heart regeneration","volume":"180","author":"Chi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163331","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1163331","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte-fibroblast crosstalk in the postnatal heart","volume":"11","author":"Uscategui Calderon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci12010008","article-title":"The current state of extracellular matrix therapy for ischemic heart disease","volume":"12","author":"Hamsho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109219","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte-fibroblast interaction regulates ferroptosis and fibrosis after myocardial injury","volume":"27","author":"Mohr","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12172174","article-title":"Col1a2-Deleted mice have defective type I collagen and secondary reactive cardiac fibrosis with altered hypertrophic dynamics","volume":"12","author":"Bowers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138306","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1138306","article-title":"Progress on role of ion channels of cardiac fibroblasts in fibrosis","volume":"14","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052102","article-title":"The pleiotropic role of extracellular ATP in myocardial remodelling","volume":"28","author":"Sudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.2147\/ijgm.S462895","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of immune cell infiltration and M2-like macrophage biomarker expression patterns in atrial fibrillation","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6407-9_11","article-title":"Tregs in autoimmune uveitis","volume":"1278","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1826746","article-title":"B. adolescentis ameliorates chronic colitis by regulating treg\/Th2 response and gut microbiota remodeling","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13090764","article-title":"Targeting interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages to treat cardiac fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818188","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.818188","article-title":"Different roles of resident and non-resident macrophages in cardiac fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.01.016","article-title":"The role of endothelial cell-pericyte interactions in vascularization and diseases","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01266-9","article-title":"The provenance, Providence, and position of endothelial cells in injured spinal cord vascular pathology","volume":"43","author":"Chopra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.157811","article-title":"Single-nucleus analysis reveals dengzhan shengmai capsule prevents cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction in rat by targeting Ltbp2(+) fibroblast subset","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02233-y","article-title":"Single-cell insights: pioneering an integrated atlas of chromatin accessibility and transcriptomic landscapes in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"23","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05702-z","article-title":"Calciprotein particle-activated endothelial cells aggravate smooth muscle cell calcification via paracrine signalling","volume":"82","author":"Feenstra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2022.09.004","article-title":"The effects of hyperglycemia on early endothelial activation and the initiation of atherosclerosis","volume":"193","author":"Mastrogiacomo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13386","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of peritoneal microvascular pericytes","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c200027","article-title":"Lung pericytes in pulmonary vascular physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8947","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238947","article-title":"Dual function of iPSC-derived pericyte-like cells in vascularization and fibrosis-related cardiac tissue remodelingin vitro","volume":"21","author":"Szepes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-021-00659-7","article-title":"Tissue distribution and transcriptional regulation of CCN5 in the heart after myocardial infarction","volume":"16","author":"Zolfaghari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.24.309","article-title":"Roles of PDGF\/PDGFR signaling in various organs","volume":"29","author":"Jung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Korean J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2022.01.004","article-title":"Cardiac mesenchymal stem cells promote fibrosis and remodeling in heart failure: role of PDGF signaling","volume":"7","author":"Hamid","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Basic to Translational Science"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.123.323200","article-title":"Myocardial recovery in recent onset dilated cardiomyopathy: role of CDCP1 and cardiac fibrosis","volume":"133","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-2788","article-title":"M2b macrophages protect against myocardial remodeling after ischemia\/reperfusion injury by regulating kinase activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor of cardiac fibroblast","volume":"8","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2025.168150","article-title":"Osteopontin aggravates myocardial fibrosis by promoting phenotypic transition of cardiac fibroblasts via hippo-YAP pathway","volume":"1872","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13081","article-title":"Osteopontin\/secreted phosphoprotein-1 harnesses glial-, immune-, and neuronal cell ligand-receptor interactions to sense and regulate acute and chronic neuroinflammation","volume":"311","author":"Yim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12144","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.48562","article-title":"Exogenous bone marrow derived-putative endothelial progenitor cells attenuate ischemia reperfusion-induced vascular injury and renal fibrosis in mice dependent on pericytes","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-025-00621-2","article-title":"Macrophage-derived SPP1 exacerbate myocardial injury by interacting with fibroblasts in viral myocarditis","volume":"20","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2024.07.010","article-title":"Macrophages in the infarcted heart acquire a fibrogenic phenotype, expressing matricellular proteins, but do not undergo fibroblast conversion","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.02.032","article-title":"Mucin 5AC-mediated CD44\/ITGB1 clustering mobilizes adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to modulate pancreatic cancer stromal heterogeneity","volume":"162","author":"Ganguly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2707-5_10","article-title":"Cardiac targeted Adeno-Associated Virus injection in rats","volume":"2573","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-024-2811-x","article-title":"Glutaminolysis and \u03b1-ketoglutarate-stimulated K(Ca)3.1 expression contribute to \u03b2-adrenoceptor activation-induced myocardial fibrosis in mice","volume":"68","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12829","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12829","article-title":"Melatonin improves cardiac remodeling and brain-heart sympathetic hyperactivation aggravated by light disruption after myocardial infarction","volume":"73","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H432","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00737.2020","article-title":"Inhibition of ATGL in adipose tissue ameliorates isoproterenol-induced cardiac remodeling by reducing adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"320","author":"Takahara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26642","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26642","article-title":"Effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition on left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic function, and functional Status in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Akhtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-025-01138-5","article-title":"Renal denervation attenuates cardiac dysfunction in HFpEF by inhibiting the ATP-P2X7-NLRP3 inflammasome axis","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-025-10501-6","article-title":"Leptin and heart failure: the chicken or the egg?","volume":"30","author":"Theodorakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70475","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70475","article-title":"Peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes improve renal sympathetic denervation efficacy through \u03b2-catenin-mediated cardiac reprogramming","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-025-07830-x","article-title":"Modulating CGRP signaling: a promising therapeutic avenue for attenuating cardiac dysfunction in heart failure","author":"Ansari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2020.11.002","article-title":"Implications of inflammation and fibrosis in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology","volume":"13","author":"Harada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Card Electrophysiol Clin"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10288-7","article-title":"Targeting the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: an innovative strategy for treating diseases","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622516","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.622516","article-title":"Street RABV induces the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in human monocyte-derived macrophages by binding to nAChr \u03b17","volume":"12","author":"Embregts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae236","article-title":"Neuroimmune cross-talk in heart failure","volume":"121","author":"Montuoro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178783","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde ameliorates diabetic kidney disease via anti-inflammatory effects: bridging traditional use and molecular mechanisms","volume":"1020","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-00579-z","article-title":"Vagal-\u03b17nAChR signaling is required for lung anti-inflammatory responses and arginase 1 expression during an influenza infection","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4504431","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4504431","article-title":"Cholinergic elicitation prevents ventricular remodeling via alleviations of myocardial mitochondrial injury linked to inflammation in ischemia-induced chronic heart failure rats","volume":"2021","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"qiaf077","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiaf077","article-title":"TFEB-mediated proinflammatory response in murine macrophages induced by acute Alpha7 nicotinic receptor activation","volume":"117","author":"Honwad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.13151","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation: potential for treating chronic wounds","volume":"32","author":"Budhiraja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-025-07718-w","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation by focused ultrasound attenuates acute myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury predominantly through cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2024.5077","article-title":"Vagus nerve preservation for early distal gastric cancer with monitoring and indocyanine green labeling: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"160","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136860","article-title":"Cerebellar fastigial nucleus electrostimulation attenuates inflammation in a post-infarction rat model by activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"788","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf370","article-title":"Deficiency of the RNA-binding protein RBMS1 improves myocardial fibrosis and heart failure","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C706","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00839.2025","article-title":"Loss of \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor exacerbates adrenergic-induced cardiac damage","volume":"330","author":"Miranda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2022.113300","article-title":"Loss of \u03b17nAChR enhances endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition after myocardial infarction via NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"419","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e189323","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.189323","article-title":"\u03b17nAChR on B cells directs T cell differentiation to prevent viral myocarditis","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.34172\/bi.2022.23980","article-title":"Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Mehranfard","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioImpacts"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-07062-1","article-title":"Impact of peripheral \u03b17-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on cardioprotective effects of donepezil in chronic heart failure rats","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-022-2897-0","article-title":"Involvement of interleukin-1 \u03b2\/insulin-like growth factor 1 in ameliorating effects of electroacupuncture on myocardial fibrosis induced by essential hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Xin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175478","article-title":"Administration of huperzine A microspheres ameliorates myocardial ischemic injury via \u03b17nAChR-dependent JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"940","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114086","article-title":"Plumbagin improves myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction by inhibiting the AKT\/mTOR pathway to upregulate autophagy levels","volume":"148","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02357-w","article-title":"Adipokines and their potential impacts on susceptibility to myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury in diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.123.320005","article-title":"Molecular changes implicate angiogenesis and arterial remodeling in systemic sclerosis-associated and idiopathic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler, Thromb, Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2023.04.002","article-title":"Anti-fibrotic strategies and pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"98","author":"Gunatilaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/mprv.2020.2993993","article-title":"Leveraging Mobile sensing to understand and develop intervention strategies to improve medication adherence","volume":"19","author":"Baglione","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac086","article-title":"Regulation and impact of cardiac lymphangiogenesis in pressure-overload-induced heart failure","volume":"119","author":"Heron","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943278","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.943278","article-title":"Intercellular communication and social behaviors in mycobacteria","volume":"13","author":"Boopathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad016","article-title":"Treating the Side effects of exogenous glucocorticoids; can we separate the good from the bad?","volume":"44","author":"Pofi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03366-y","article-title":"Ruxolitinib suppresses liver fibrosis progression and accelerates fibrosis reversal via selectively targeting Janus kinase 1\/2","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.120.050682","article-title":"MicroRNA-21-Dependent macrophage-to-fibroblast signaling determines the cardiac response to pressure overload","volume":"143","author":"Ramanujam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860588","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.860588","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathway in tubulointerstitial fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644886","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.644886","article-title":"Bellidifolin ameliorates isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis by regulating TGF-\u03b21\/smads and p38 signaling and preventing NR4A1 cytoplasmic localization","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70339","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70339","article-title":"Dual inhibition of TGF\u03b2 and PDGF improves RV remodeling and function in response to RV pressure or volume-loading","volume":"13","author":"Dauz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22929","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202201712R","article-title":"Cardiac PDGFR\u03b1(+) interstitial cells generate spontaneous inward currents that contribute to excitability in the heart","volume":"37","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53736-x","article-title":"Barcoding of small extracellular vesicles with CRISPR-gRNA enables comprehensive, subpopulation-specific analysis of their biogenesis and release regulators","volume":"15","author":"Kunitake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2023.08.011","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of extracellular vesicles from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes on ischemic cardiomyopathy: a preclinical study","volume":"43","author":"Tominaga","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-025-01413-4","article-title":"Engineered EVs from LncEEF1G - overexpressing MSCs promote fibrotic liver regeneration by upregulating HGF release from hepatic stellate cells","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12272","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12272","article-title":"Selective immunocapture reveals neoplastic human mast cells secrete distinct microvesicle- and exosome-like populations of KIT-containing extracellular vesicles","volume":"11","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2202959","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202202959","article-title":"Microneedle patch loaded with exosomes containing MicroRNA-29b prevents cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Healthcare Mater"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2025.044","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor-modified dental pulp stem cells potentially regulate novel renal fibrosis-associated gene via PI3K\/AKT\/GSK3\u03b2 pathway to alleviate renal fibrosis","volume":"36","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32195-2","article-title":"In mouse chronic pancreatitis CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells control pancreatic fibrosis by suppression of the type 2 immune response","volume":"13","author":"Glaubitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0331355","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331355","article-title":"Effects of fibroblast growth factor 2 on muscle precursor cells from mouse limb and extraocular muscle","volume":"21","author":"Winker","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12947","article-title":"Novel factors that activate and deactivate cardiac fibroblasts: a new perspective for treatment of cardiac fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"de Oliveira Camargo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/hco.0000000000000183","article-title":"Ethanol for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"30","author":"Schurmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2010.08.003","article-title":"Conditional RNAi in mice","volume":"53","author":"Kleinhammer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.58","article-title":"Inflammasomes: mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling","volume":"16","author":"Broz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-025-01158-9","article-title":"Fibrosis: cross-organ biology and pathways to development of innovative drugs","volume":"24","author":"Rieder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111545","article-title":"Risks and rewards of targeting NAD(+) homeostasis in the brain","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79641-3","article-title":"MiR-22-3p as a promising predictor of nutritional deficiencies in patients with head and neck cancer subjected to intensity-modulated radiation therapy","volume":"14","author":"Chawrylak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-025-01586-7","article-title":"Aligned cross-modal integration and regulatory heterogeneity characterization of single-cell multiomic data with deep contrastive learning","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2021.3","article-title":"Anti-cancer therapy with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: impact and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Reinius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29061199","article-title":"The roles of exosome-derived microRNAs in cardiac fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01888-z","article-title":"Cell-cell communication: new insights and clinical implications","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70297","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70297","article-title":"Quality evaluation considerations for stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles-based therapeutic products in China","volume":"15","author":"Na","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04755-5","article-title":"Positive single-center randomized trials and subsequent multicenter randomized trials in critically ill patients: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Kotani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1858990\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T13:38:32Z","timestamp":1782913112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1858990\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":125,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1858990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1858990","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"article-number":"1858990"}}