{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T09:29:01Z","timestamp":1787131741237,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current monitoring of cancer therapy\u2013related cardiac dysfunction relies largely on threshold-based interpretation at isolated time points, yet its temporal evolution remains insufficiently characterized. This review aims to map longitudinal monitoring evidence across treatments, biomarkers, and time windows; reconstruct trajectories of key biochemical and imaging markers in evidence-rich settings; and explore temporal patterns between biochemical injury signals and imaging-detected functional changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed and Embase were searched from inception to 1 October 2025. A three-dimensional evidence map was constructed across treatment modality, monitoring marker, and time window using a custom four-level evidence grading system based on data completeness and extractability. Quantitative synthesis was restricted to cohorts providing extractable longitudinal absolute values at mappable follow-up times in non-outcome-driven designs. Standardized trajectories of hs-cTnI\/T, NT-proBNP, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were aggregated within predefined time windows.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-six independent cohorts yielded 387 raw longitudinal observations; after harmonization and representative-value selection, 173 effect rows from 31 analytic study IDs (29 primary reports) contributed to the trajectory synthesis. Evidence was concentrated in anthracycline-based and anthracycline plus concurrent\/sequential HER2 inhibitor settings, whereas data on immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGF-TKI) therapy, and the biomarkers sST2 and GDF-15 were sparse. In evidence-rich settings, hs-cTnI tended to show early elevations (D0\u2013M3), while more pronounced declines in LVEF and GLS were observed mainly after M3. Because estimates were derived from aggregated study-level data, this ordering is descriptive and hypothesis-generating rather than evidence of within-patient temporal precedence. Under anthracycline plus concurrent\/sequential HER2 inhibitor exposure, hs-cTnI elevations and later imaging declines were greater in the available windows; data beyond 12 months were sparse, making the apparent absence of recovery provisional.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review provides a unified time-window framework for multimarker longitudinal evidence across anticancer treatment settings, identifies critical evidence gaps, and describes an exploratory temporal pattern that may inform hypotheses about stage-specific monitoring in evidence-rich settings. Patient-level longitudinal studies are required before any monitoring schedule can be validated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD420261367699<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , PROSPERO CRD420261367699.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1886989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T09:10:15Z","timestamp":1787130615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Time-dynamic perspectives on cancer therapy\u2013related cardiotoxicity: a systematic review and time-course evidence synthesis for multibiomarker 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