{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:28:04Z","timestamp":1787304484291,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a chronic condition due to antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has increased life expectancy but is also associated with a higher burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent cardiovascular risk biomarker; however, its role in PLHIV remains unclear. This study evaluated the relationship between Lp(a) and cardiovascular risk and explored its association with subclinical coronary artery disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study included PLHIV aged \u226540 years on stable ART with sustained viral suppression. Individuals with prior cardiovascular events or type 1 diabetes or long-standing type 2 diabetes (\u226510 years) were excluded. Lp(a) levels and clinical data were collected. Cardiovascular risk was estimated using validated clinical scores; participants with \u226510% risk underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) to assess coronary anatomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 69 patients were included (81% male; mean age 54 years). The median Lp(a) level was 23.4\u2005nmol\/L (IQR: 8.2\u201381.6; mean: 66.7\u2005nmol\/L); 29% had \u226575\u2005nmol\/L and 23%\u2009\u2265\u2009105\u2005nmol\/L. A non-significant inverse association was observed between Lp(a) levels and ART duration (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.209;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.08). Of 46 participants with a Framingham score \u226510%, 23 underwent coronary CTA. Among those with elevated Lp(a), a higher proportion had vulnerable plaques on CTA, although this was not statistically significant; because only 5 participants with elevated Lp(a) underwent CTA, this finding should be regarded as hypothesis-generating.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cohort of virologically suppressed PLHIV, a non-significant inverse trend (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.08) was observed between ART duration and Lp(a) levels. In the subgroup of moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk, the prevalence of coronary plaque vulnerability features was higher among those with elevated Lp(a), although the small number of imaging studies means this observation should be considered hypothesis-generating rather than indicative of an established biological association.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1899273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:10:23Z","timestamp":1787303423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of lipoprotein(a) determination in cardiovascular risk stratification among people living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Ramos Alejos-Pita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Central Defense Hospital G\u00f3mez Ulla","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"University of Alcal\u00e1","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Jos\u00e9","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Central Defense Hospital G\u00f3mez Ulla","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"University of Alcal\u00e1","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Mata Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBRN and Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Defense Hospital G\u00f3mez Ulla","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Tendero de la Asunci\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Biochemistry Section, Department of Clinical Analysis, Central Defense Hospital G\u00f3mez Ulla","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn Enrique","family":"G\u00f3mez Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Biochemistry Section, Department of Clinical Analysis, Central Defense Hospital G\u00f3mez Ulla","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Reyes Luj\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Section, Department of Education, Central Defense Hospital G\u00f3mez Ulla","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Central Defense Hospital G\u00f3mez Ulla","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edurne","family":"L\u00f3pez Sober\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Central Defense 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