{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:03:01Z","timestamp":1790960581326,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate the association between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and Phlegm-dampness constitution (PDC), as well as their joint association, on subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (SCAS) in an overweight and obese population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, 217 overweight or obese participants were enrolled. The TyG index was categorized at the median into high and low TyG groups, and a four-category joint exposure variable was developed based on PDC status. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to assess the relationship between joint exposure and SCAS, with a stratified analysis conducted by PDC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SCAS was identified in 67 of 217 participants (30.9%). The TyG index (AUC 0.681) demonstrated superior performance compared to HOMA-IR (0.585) and BMI (0.515) in distinguishing SCAS. The AUC increased from 0.704 (base model: age, sex, BMI) to 0.779 after adding the TyG index (DeLong\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005) and remained essentially unchanged after further adding PDC (0.783, DeLong\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.220). Among the four groups, the highest prevalence of SCAS was noted in the high TyG\/PDC group (50.0%), while the lowest prevalence occurred in the low TyG\/PDC group (12.0%). After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, the odds of SCAS were significantly increased in the high TyG\/PDC group (OR=4.83, 95% CI: 1.67\u201313.95). In stratified analysis, the TyG\u2013SCAS association was numerically stronger in the PDC subgroup (OR=11.81) than in the non-PDC subgroup (OR=2.88), although the interaction was not significant (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.252).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The coexistence of a high TyG index and PDC was associated with markedly higher odds of SCAS. The finding that the TyG\u2013SCAS association appeared stronger in the PDC subgroup is exploratory and requires validation in larger prospective studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1907694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:27:38Z","timestamp":1785817658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of the triglyceride-glucose index and phlegm-dampness constitution with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in overweight and obese individuals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zihan","family":"Qiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wangqi Academy, National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wangqi Academy, National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wangqi Academy, National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingshuai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wangqi Academy, National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001303","article-title":"2025 Heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association","volume":"151","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-3614.2023.03.001","article-title":"Chinese Guidelines for Lipid Management (2023)","volume":"38","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Circ J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2024.01.003","article-title":"Update on obesity, the obesity paradox, and obesity management in heart failure","volume":"82","author":"Alebna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa004","article-title":"Metabolically healthy obesity","volume":"41","author":"Bl\u00fcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2339","article-title":"Defining insulin resistance from hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps","volume":"35","author":"Tam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.16781\/j.CN31-2187\/R.20240776","article-title":"Differences in predicting efficacies for cardiometabolic multimorbidity by different surrogate indicators of insulin resistance","volume":"47","author":"Qian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acad J Sec Mil Med Univ."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01511-x","article-title":"Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases: landscape and limitations","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.03.002","article-title":"Cardiometabolic characteristics of people with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity","volume":"36","author":"Petersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.88888\/j.1673-1727.2026.1.11-15","article-title":"Theory of constitution soil","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X13500183","article-title":"Phlegm-dampness constitution: genomics, susceptibility, adjustment and treatment with traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20101104","article-title":"Logistic regression analysis on relationships between traditional Chinese medicine constitutional types and overweight or obesity","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Chin Integr Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.70976\/j.1008-0805.SZGYGY-2025-0113","article-title":"Analysis of the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of 1,161 patients with hyperlipidemia in TCM syndromes and constitutions","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcms.2020.10.004","article-title":"Association between metabolic syndrome and body constitution of traditional Chinese medicine: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3321\/j.issn:0512-7955.2004.01.001","article-title":"Guidelines for prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Chinese adults","volume":"1","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Nutr Sin"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3877\/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2015.08.004","article-title":"Chinese Guidelines for the vascular ultrasound examinations instroke","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Med Ultrasound"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"40","article-title":"Constitutional classification and comprehensive evaluation in Chinese medicine","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn115791-20220905-00446","article-title":"Expert consensus on insulin resistance (2022 edition)","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Diabetes"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"353","article-title":"Characteristics of constitution distribution of traditional Chinese medicine in 836 patients with carotid atherosclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.13192\/j.issn.1000-1719.2014.01.054","article-title":"Study of relationship between carotid artery plaque and constitution of TCM","volume":"41","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liaoning J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.13192\/j.issn.1000-1719.2014.01.054","article-title":"Analysis of the association between triglyceride glucose index and new-onset carotid plaque","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86758-6","article-title":"Association between triglyceride-glucose index and carotid atherosclerosis in Chinese steelworkers: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-025-00789-x","article-title":"A decrease in Flavonifractor plautii and its product, phytosphingosine, predisposes individuals with phlegm-dampness constitution to metabolic disorders","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.12.006","article-title":"Gut microbiota drives the metabolic dysregulation in obesity-prone individuals by impairing GDCA-mediated activation of brown adipose thermogenesis and ileal GLP-1 secretion","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1907694\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:27:44Z","timestamp":1785817664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1907694\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1907694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1907694","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"article-number":"1907694"}}