{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:17:37Z","timestamp":1788445057063,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop and validate a prediction model combining clinical indicators and pharmacogenomic markers for predicting clopidogrel-related high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) after approximately 7 days of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and to identify its influencing factors to support individualized antiplatelet therapy. The model is intended for use before platelet function testing results are available, to identify patients at high risk of HPR who may benefit from early testing or genotype-guided therapy adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 380 CAD patients were retrospectively enrolled and divided into a training set (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009266) and a validation set (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009114) at a 7:3 ratio. HPR was defined as ADP-induced platelet aggregation \u226540%. We screened predictive variables via univariate analysis and LASSO regression, then identified independent factors using multivariate logistic regression. Four prediction models were established and compared. Model performance was assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curve, decision curve analysis and SHAP values.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seven core predictive variables were identified. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2C19<\/jats:italic>\n                      functional deletion allele carrier status (OR\u2009=\u20094.341,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), PPI use (OR\u2009=\u20092.630,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007), acute coronary syndrome (OR\u2009=\u20092.445,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014), age (OR\u2009=\u20091.053,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006), and platelet count (OR\u2009=\u20091.014,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), left ventricular ejection fraction (OR\u2009=\u20090.929,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and hemoglobin (OR\u2009=\u20090.952,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) were independent factors. Among the four prediction models, Logistic regression model demonstrated optimal performance, with an AUC value of 0.866 (95% CI: 0.816-0.916) on the training set and 0.870(95% CI:0.793-0.946) on the validation set. The model showed good calibration and clinical net benefit, and\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2C19<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype exerted the greatest predictive impact.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed and internally validated a clinical-pharmacogenomic prediction model for clopidogrel-related HPR in CAD patients. The model demonstrated promising performance; however, external validation in multicenter prospective cohorts is required before clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1926514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:52:19Z","timestamp":1788443539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of a clinical-pharmacogenomic prediction model for clopidogrel-related high on-treatment platelet reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ruihua","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Coronary Heart Disease, Qinghai Province Cardio Cerebrovascular Disease Specialist Hospital","place":["Xining, Qinghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Coronary Heart Disease, Qinghai Province Cardio Cerebrovascular Disease Specialist Hospital","place":["Xining, Qinghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-023-01638-1","article-title":"A novel machine learning model to predict high on-treatment platelet reactivity on clopidogrel in Asian patients after percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"46","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.01.226","article-title":"Derivation, validation, and prognostic utility of a prediction rule for nonresponse to clopidogrel: the ABCD-GENE score","volume":"13","author":"Angiolillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854867","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.854867","article-title":"Development and validation of a novel tool for the prediction of clopidogrel response in Chinese acute coronary syndrome patients: the GeneFA score","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2024.06.019","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic polygenic model of clopidogrel predicts recurrent ischemic events in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02076-7","article-title":"Impact of CYP2C19 genotype Status on clinical outcomes in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Maas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2017.09.008","article-title":"Redictive value of serial platelet function testing on outcome in patients undergoing complex percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007811","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.007811","article-title":"Clopidogrel pharmacogenetics","volume":"12","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2612","article-title":"Impact of the ABCD-GENE score on clopidogrel clinical effectiveness after PCI: a multi-site, real-world investigation","volume":"112","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.06.038","article-title":"Genotype-Guided antiplatelet therapy. 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