{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:59:55Z","timestamp":1790315995997,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index levels are linked to poor prognosis in the heart failure (HF) population. However, existing studies have predominantly relied on static baseline measurements, and the association of dynamic TyG trajectories with outcomes in critically ill HF patients remains unclear. This study aimed to identify TyG index trajectories in critically ill patients with HF and evaluate their association with in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study used the MIMIC-IV (v3.1) as the derivation cohort and the eICU-CRD (v2.0) as the external validation cohort. Patients with HF admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were included. We applied group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) to identify distinct TyG index trajectories during the first 7 days of ICU admission. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between TyG trajectories and in-hospital mortality. Complete-case analysis, Cox regression, and E-value calculation were conducted as sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This analysis included 2,180 patients from MIMIC-IV and 1,433 from eICU-CRD. GBTM identified three distinct TyG trajectories: Class 1 (low-level), Class 2 (moderate-level), and Class 3 (high-level). The high-level trajectory (Class 3) exhibited the highest in-hospital mortality in both cohorts. After full adjustment, Class 3 was associated with significantly increased mortality compared with Class 1 (MIMIC-IV: OR\u2009=\u20091.62, 95% CI: 1.13\u20132.31; eICU-CRD: OR\u2009=\u20092.73, 95% CI: 1.59\u20134.67). Class 2 showed a weaker and non-significant association (MIMIC-IV: OR\u2009=\u20091.17, 95% CI: 0.87\u20131.58; eICU-CRD: OR\u2009=\u20091.45, 95% CI: 0.97\u20132.17). Sensitivity analyses showed generally consistent trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In critically ill patients with HF, a high-level TyG trajectory\n                      <jats:italic>was<\/jats:italic>\n                      independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality, showing a level-dependent gradient across two independent cohorts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1945155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:32:17Z","timestamp":1790314337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Triglyceride-glucose index trajectories and in-hospital mortality in heart failure: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zongjun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangjun","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Neijiang, Affiliated Neijiang Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Neijiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Neijiang, Affiliated Neijiang Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Neijiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01046-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc 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