{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T06:08:18Z","timestamp":1788761298671,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI24\/00622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI24\/00622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI19\/01330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/01330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been linked to cardiac conduction through direct myocardium interaction and endocrine activity. We investigated sex-specific associations between ventricular electrical activity and the molecular composition of EAT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EAT biopsies from 146 cardiac surgery patients were analysed for inflammatory cell markers (CD16, DEFA3, CXCR2, CD68, CD14), fatty acid transporters (FABP4, CD36), fibroblast-related markers (COL1A2 and PREF1), and neuroreceptor-related markers (CHRM3, CHRM2, ADRB3) using real-time PCR. High-quality electrocardiograms (ECGs) from 100 patients were analysed for 36 ventricular depolarization and repolarization parameters. Principal component analysis was used to explore the internal ECG structure. Spearman correlation with Benjamini-Hochberg correction and sex-stratified linear regression assessed ECG-EAT associations, adjusting for clinical covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In females, EAT fibrotic and inflammatory profile were correlated with delayed late anteroseptal depolarization (prolonged S-wave upstroke time) in V2 (COL1A2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.642, adj.\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025; DEFA3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.572, adj.\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.038), and V3 (COL1A2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.592; DEFA3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.629; CD16,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.642; CD14,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.596; CHRM3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.600; all adj.\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.027). Linear regression models confirmed strong positive associations between the interaction ECGxSex and CD14, CD16, DEFA3, and COL1A2 (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091 to 5, all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.02). Clinical factors reduced but did not eliminate sex dependent effects. Akaike information criteria (AIC)-refined models identified coronary artery disease, hypertension, and valvular heart disease as key covariates, yet inflammatory markers (CD14 and CD16) retained sex-specific explanatory power (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.13\u20130.20).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite similar absolute ECG values, females exhibited a stronger electrical response to the EAT inflammatory profile. These findings highlight inflammation-driven sex-specific depolarization alterations and support ECG as a simple tool to indicate adverse EAT phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1947506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:33:54Z","timestamp":1788759234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Delayed late ventricular depolarization is associated with inflammation in epicardial Fat Among females: a New avenue in cardiac electrophysiology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nadeem A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Cardiology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"University of Santiago de Compostela (USC)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"Cardiovascular Area, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Cardiology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"University of Santiago de Compostela (USC)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Network, Cardiovascular Disease, CIBERCV, ISCIII","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumeysa","family":"Basdas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Cardiology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"University of Santiago de Compostela (USC)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Network, Cardiovascular Disease, CIBERCV, ISCIII","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1\u00e9z-Caama\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Cardiology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Cereijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Santiago de Compostela (USC)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"Cardiac Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Reija-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel L.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Santiago de Compostela (USC)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"Cardiac Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-Seara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Santiago de Compostela (USC)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Network, Cardiovascular Disease, CIBERCV, ISCIII","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Rodriguez-Ma\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Cardiology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Network, Cardiovascular Disease, CIBERCV, ISCIII","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 R.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Juanatey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Santiago de Compostela (USC)","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"Cardiovascular Area, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"Cardiology Department, 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