{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:18:49Z","timestamp":1791944329321,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Big Data"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on revealed shopping-location patterns and their persistence during the early recovery period. It focuses on urban shopping mobility in New York City and investigates whether observed store-selection patterns returned to, or remained different from, their pre-pandemic baseline by 2021 across different socioeconomic communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We use large-scale mobility and place datasets together with census information to analyze visits to general merchandise and department stores in New York City. A modified Huff gravity model and a metaheuristic calibration method are used to quantify temporal shifts in store-selection patterns. We also use unsupervised learning techniques and statistical inference models to examine heterogeneity across socioeconomic communities and evaluate changes before, during, and after the COVID-19 shock.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed model captures the dynamics of shopping-location decisions and temporal visit patterns under changing pandemic-era constraints. The results suggest that New Yorkers' revealed store-selection patterns changed substantially during the COVID-19 shock, with increased emphasis on store area, chain loyalty, and nearby points of interest, and reduced sensitivity to customer-store distance. These patterns did not fully revert to their 2019 baseline by 2021, although 2021 is interpreted as an early recovery and reopening period rather than a fully post-pandemic equilibrium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight the societal dimension of urban shopping mobility disruptions during crises and show that mobility-based store-selection patterns vary across socioeconomic communities. The results can help urban planners, managers, and marketers better understand heterogeneous shifts in shopping mobility and adapt strategies under crisis and recovery conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2026.1776172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:27:32Z","timestamp":1789446452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From crisis to new routine: shifts in urban shopping mobility and socioeconomic inequality during and after the COVID-19 shock"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yilun","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation Science at Harvard, Harvard University","place":["Allston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Bahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Initiative on the Digital Economy, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"MIT Connection Science, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pentland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Connection Science, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-4146.2004.00334.x","article-title":"Do urban agglomeration effects and household amenities have a skill bias?","volume":"44","author":"Adamson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Reg. Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.46336\/ijbesd.v2i3.160","article-title":"Urban planning and e-commerce: understanding the impact during pandemic COVID-19 in Jakarta","volume":"2","author":"Aditantri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Bus. Econ. Soc. Dev"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"E-commerce in the pandemic and beyond","volume":"36","author":"Alfonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"BIS Bull"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/15332861.2021.1882758","article-title":"Fluctuating attitudes and behaviors of customers toward online shopping in times of emergency: the case of Kuwait during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Alhaimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Internet Commer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regsciurbeco.2023.103933","article-title":"Disparities in COVID-19 risk exposure: Evidence from geolocation data","volume":"102","author":"Almagro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg. Sci. Urban Econ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-6989(00)00038-2","article-title":"Deriving performance indicators from models of multipurpose shopping behavior","volume":"8","author":"Arentze","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.32535\/ijabim.v6i2.1170","article-title":"A study on consumer behaviour: transition from traditional shopping to online shopping during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"6","author":"Aryani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Bus. Int. Manag"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w27572","author":"Athey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experienced Segregation"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2022.689","article-title":"\u201cThe effect of COVID-19 on customer traffic: a case study of food and beverage stores in Erie County, New York,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Hawaii international conference on system sciences","author":"Aversa","year":"2022"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/k268q","article-title":"A perspective towards using aggregated data in research","author":"Bahrami","year":"2023","journal-title":"OSF Preprints"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117703","article-title":"Using gravity model to make store closing decisions: a data driven approach","volume":"205","author":"Bahrami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s44212-022-00022-0","article-title":"Using unstable data from mobile phone applications to examine recent trajectories of retail centre recovery","volume":"1","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban Inform"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z","article-title":"Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response","volume":"4","author":"Bavel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102645","article-title":"COVID-19 and retail: the catalyst for e-commerce in Belgium?","volume":"62","author":"Beckers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0157-5","article-title":"Shopping mall attraction and social mixing at a city scale","volume":"7","author":"Beir\u00f3","year":"2018","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2022.4318","article-title":"Controlling epidemic spread: reducing economic losses with targeted closures","volume":"68","author":"Birge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Manag. Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.1999","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on grocery shopper behaviour: analysis of shopper behaviour change using store transaction data","volume":"21","author":"Boyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Consum. Behav"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-02881-1","article-title":"Investigating neighborhood adaptability using mobility networks: a case study of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Boz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Human. Soc. Sci. Commun"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11067-009-9127-6","article-title":"A GIS-based optimization framework for competitive multi-facility location-routing problem","volume":"10","author":"Bozkaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Netw. Spat. Econ"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76763-2","article-title":"Risk attitudes and human mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2923-3","article-title":"Mobility network models of COVID-19 explain inequities and inform reopening","volume":"589","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW58026.2022.00153","article-title":"\u201cPost-pandemic economic transformations in the United States of America,\u201d","author":"Chawla","year":"2022","journal-title":"2022 IEEE international conference on data mining workshops (ICDMW)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/agr.21679","article-title":"Food consumption behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Chenarides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agribusiness"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w27431","article-title":"Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research","author":"Chetty","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Economic Impacts of COVID-19: Evidence from a New Public Database Built Using Private Sector Data"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-020-00234-x","article-title":"Economic outcomes predicted by diversity in cities","volume":"9","author":"Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40094-1_10","article-title":"\u201cFrom geomarketing to spatial marketing,\u201d","author":"Cliquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spatial Economics Volume II: Applications"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/002224295001400303","article-title":"New laws of retail gravitation","volume":"14","author":"Converse","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Mark"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w27531","article-title":"Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research","author":"Cronin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Private Precaution and Public Restrictions: What Drives Social Distancing and Industry Foot Traffic in the COVID-19 Era"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121179","article-title":"COVID-19, consumer behavior, technology, and society: a literature review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"173","author":"Cruz-C\u00e1rdenas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.09.026","article-title":"An extended Huff model for robustly benchmarking and predicting retail network performance","volume":"46","author":"De Beule","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geograp"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808319840666","article-title":"Beyond retail: new ways of classifying UK shopping and consumption spaces","volume":"48","author":"Dolega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Plann. B Urban Anal. City Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/64jwy","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic impacting household food dynamics: a cross-national comparison of China and the US","author":"Dou","year":"2020","journal-title":"OSF Preprints"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10287-004-0009-6","article-title":"Finding the optimal solution to the Huff based competitive location model","volume":"1","author":"Drezner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Manag. Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13710","article-title":"Physical activity: benefits and challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Dwyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102542","article-title":"The effect of COVID-19 on consumer shopping behaviour: generational cohort perspective","volume":"61","author":"Eger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1068\/a35167","article-title":"The shopping mall as an emergent public space in Turkey","volume":"35","author":"Erkip","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Plann. A"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"405","article-title":"Particle swarm model selection","volume":"10","author":"Escalante","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2022.103448","article-title":"How bad is crime for business? Evidence from consumer behavior","volume":"129","author":"Fe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"Small business: a canary in the US economic coal mine","author":"Foroohar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Financial Times"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.11.002","article-title":"Marketing analytics: methods, practice, implementation, and links to other fields","volume":"119","author":"France","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3390\/e22030362","article-title":"Particle swarm optimisation: a historical review up to the current developments","volume":"22","author":"Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/1.1.27","article-title":"Consumer city","volume":"1","author":"Glaeser","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Econ. Geogr"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer17030047","article-title":"Evolution of the online grocery shopping experience during the COVID-19 pandemic: empiric study from Portugal","volume":"17","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electr. Commer. Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5369","DOI":"10.3390\/su12135369","article-title":"Grocery shopping preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Grashuis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8116(86)90006-6","article-title":"Determinants of retail patronage. a \u2018natural'experiment","volume":"3","author":"Gripsrud","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Mark"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/joca.12423","article-title":"Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on consumer behavior in Turkey: a qualitative study","volume":"56","author":"Gungordu Belbag","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Consum. Aff"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10901-021-09897-y","article-title":"Post-pandemic lifestyle changes and their interaction with resident behavior in housing and neighborhoods: Bursa, Turkey","volume":"37","author":"G\u00fcr","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hous. Built Environ"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-05-2020-0151","article-title":"Beyond panic buying: consumption displacement and COVID-19","volume":"32","author":"Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Serv. Manag"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20201035","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.1035","article-title":"COVID-19 policy analysis: labour structure dictates lockdown mobility behaviour","volume":"18","author":"Heroy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19837","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009522117","article-title":"Interdependence and the cost of uncoordinated responses to COVID-19","volume":"117","author":"Holtz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Calibrating the Huff Model Using ArcGIS Business Analyst","author":"Huff","year":"2008"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2307\/3144521","article-title":"A probabilistic analysis of shopping center trade areas","volume":"39","author":"Huff","year":"1963","journal-title":"Land Econ"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/002224296402800307","article-title":"Defining and estimating a trading area","volume":"28","author":"Huff","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Mark"},{"key":"B54","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Parameter Estimation in the Huff Model","author":"Huff","year":"2003"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23937-9","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 response policies on walking behavior in US cities","volume":"12","author":"Hunter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00998-2","article-title":"Neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Jay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2023.103276","article-title":"Exploring the factors that drive consumers to use contactless delivery services in the context of the continued COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"72","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhab076","article-title":"Optimal mitigation policies in a pandemic: social distancing and working from home","volume":"34","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Financ. Stud"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968","article-title":"\u201cParticle swarm optimization,\u201d","author":"Kennedy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of ICNN'95-international conference on neural networks, Vol. 4"},{"key":"B60","volume-title":"Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on Retail Sales in 2020","author":"Khaliq","year":"2021"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"1543","article-title":"Using new Huff model for predicting potential retail market in South Korea","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Bus. Manag"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4598.671","article-title":"Optimization by simulated annealing","volume":"220","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/sajip.v47i0.1883","article-title":"Is working from home the new workplace panacea? Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for the future world of work","volume":"47","author":"Klerk","year":"2021","journal-title":"SA J. Ind. Psychol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249726","article-title":"Analysis of mobility data to build contact networks for COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Klise","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10247","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410247","article-title":"Online shopping motives during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014lessons from the crisis","volume":"12","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"1","volume-title":"How COVID-19 Is Changing Consumer Behavior-Now and Forever","author":"Kohli","year":"2020"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3390\/su14020709","article-title":"Social dimension of shopping centers operation: managerial perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Kunc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11463","DOI":"10.3390\/su141811463","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail in city centres","volume":"14","author":"Lashgari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241468","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241468","article-title":"Human mobility trends during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4383333","article-title":"Understanding the bias of mobile location data across spatial scales and over time: a comprehensive analysis of safegraph data in the United States","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12624","article-title":"Calibrating the dynamic Huff model for business analysis using location big data","volume":"24","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7291","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2021.4119","article-title":"Stimulating consumption at low budget: evidence from a large-scale policy experiment amid the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Manage. Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.70725\/331114ctnutj","article-title":"Thinking beyond zoom: using asynchronous video to maintain connection and engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"28","author":"Lowenthal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Technol. Teach. Educ"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04139-1","article-title":"Living in a pandemic: changes in mobility routines, social activity and adherence to COVID-19 protective measures","volume":"11","author":"Lucchini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15716","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315716","article-title":"Social behavior and COVID-19: analysis of the social factors behind compliance with interventions across the United States","volume":"19","author":"Maleki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1951.10500769","article-title":"The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit","volume":"46","author":"Massey","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041593","article-title":"Determinants of consumers' online\/offline shopping behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"18","author":"Moon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2021.1287","article-title":"Estimation of preference heterogeneity in markets with costly search","volume":"40","author":"Morozov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mark. Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80841-0","article-title":"Machine learning analysis of the effects of COVID-19 on migration patterns","volume":"14","author":"Mukhamedova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW53433.2021.00113","article-title":"\u201cEffects of stimulus checks on spending patterns of different economic groups,\u201d","author":"Mulay","year":"2021","journal-title":"2021 international conference on data mining workshops (ICDMW)"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1108\/IJRDM-08-2020-0317","article-title":"Understanding the customer psychology of impulse buying during COVID-19 pandemic: implications for retailers","volume":"49","author":"Naeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Retail Distrib. Manag"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/002224377401100309","article-title":"Parameter estimation for a multiplicative competitive interaction model\u2014least squares approach","volume":"11","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1.3.314","article-title":"Simplified estimation procedures for MCI models","volume":"1","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mark. Sci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jum.2021.04.001","article-title":"How would the COVID-19 pandemic reshape retail real estate and high streets through acceleration of e-commerce and digitalization?","volume":"10","author":"Nanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Urban Manag"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7682","DOI":"10.17762\/turcomat.v12i10.5680","article-title":"Issues and challenges of online shoppingactivities on the impact of corona pandemic: a study on malaysia retail industry","volume":"12","author":"Naseri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Comput. Math. Educ"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.119565","article-title":"Disaggregating sales prediction: a gravitational approach","volume":"217","author":"Netto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl"},{"key":"B87","article-title":"Research Paper Forthcoming","volume-title":"Persistence of Consumer Lifestyle Choices: Evidence from Restaurant Delivery during COVID-19","author":"Oblander","year":"2022"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098985069","article-title":"Preference for product variety and city size","volume":"35","author":"Ogawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Urban Stud"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.036","article-title":"Competing during a pandemic? Retailers' ups and downs during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"116","author":"Pantano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102874","article-title":"Changes in consumption patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic: analyzing the revenge spending motivations of different emotional groups","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/0266382120953087","article-title":"Working through the pandemic: accelerating the transition to remote working","volume":"37","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bus. Inf. Rev"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretai.2008.11.003","article-title":"Customer experience management in retailing: understanding the buying process","volume":"85","author":"Puccinelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Retail"},{"key":"B93","volume-title":"The Law of Retail Gravitation","author":"Reilly","year":"1931"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2023.102948","article-title":"How consumer behaviours changed in response to COVID-19 lockdown stringency measures: a case study of Walmart","volume":"154","author":"Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Geograp"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102860","article-title":"Social distancing and store choice in times of a pandemic","volume":"65","author":"Rossetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2106499118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106499118","article-title":"The potential stickiness of pandemic-induced behavior changes in the United States","volume":"118","author":"Salon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.33050\/atm.v5i1.1497","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail consumer behavior","volume":"5","author":"Sayyida","year":"2021","journal-title":"APTISI Trans. Manag"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2014.2133","article-title":"Do store brands aid store loyalty?","volume":"62","author":"Seenivasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Manage. Sci"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252794","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on trips to urban amenities: examining travel behavior changes in Somerville, MA","volume":"16","author":"Sevtsuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.059","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on consumer behavior: will the old habits return or die?","volume":"117","author":"Sheth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26752-4","article-title":"A deep gravity model for mobility flows generation","volume":"12","author":"Simini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-010-0141-5","article-title":"Geodemographics and spatial interaction: an integrated model for higher education","volume":"14","author":"Singleton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000960","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000960","article-title":"Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Stockwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.958154","article-title":"Locating a supermarket using a locally calibrated Huff model","volume":"29","author":"Su\u00e1rez-Vega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2020.0161","article-title":"Validating gravity-based market share models using large-scale transactional data","volume":"9","author":"Suhara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Data"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.3390\/su13052482","article-title":"Episodic retail settings: a sustainable and adaptive strategy for city centre stores","volume":"13","author":"Sundstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2022.103089","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on the evolution of online retail: the pandemic as a window of opportunity","volume":"69","author":"Szasz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.15722\/jds.19.11.202111.69","article-title":"Global changing of consumer behavior to retail distribution due to pandemic of COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Timotius","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Distrib. Sci"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103104","article-title":"A synthesised review of pandemic-driven consumer behaviours and applied theories: towards a unified framework","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/23754931.2021.1895875","article-title":"Identifying the determinants of store choice in a multi-channel environment: a hurdle model approach","volume":"7","author":"Wieland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pap. Appl. Geogr"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12308","article-title":"A micro-econometric store choice model incorporating multi-and omni-channel shopping: the case of furniture retailing in Germany","volume":"55","author":"Wieland","year":"","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-023-00408-x","article-title":"Spatial shopping behavior during the corona pandemic: insights from a micro-econometric store choice model for consumer electronics and furniture retailing in Germany","volume":"25","author":"Wieland","year":"","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnlssr.2021.09.003","article-title":"COVID-19 economic policy effects on consumer spending and foot traffic in the US","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Saf. Sci. Resil"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103513","article-title":"The psychological causes of panic buying following a health crisis","volume":"17","author":"Yuen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2022.102855","article-title":"Investigating the association between the socioeconomic environment of the service area and fast food visitation: a context-based crystal growth approach","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114889","article-title":"Making sense of a pandemic: mindsets influence emotions, behaviors, health, and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"301","author":"Zion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Big Data"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdata.2026.1776172\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:27:36Z","timestamp":1789446456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdata.2026.1776172\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdata.2026.1776172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdata.2026.1776172","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-909X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-909X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"article-number":"1776172"}}