{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:04:17Z","timestamp":1780639457151,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019091","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019091","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JK2040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JK2040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Big Data"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rapid spread of misinformation across social media platforms, websites, and online communication channels has made fake news detection a critical task in the digital era. Although various computational approaches have been developed to identify fake news, many existing methods suffer from limitations such as biased training datasets and high rates of false positives and false negatives. To address these challenges, this study proposes a Multimodal Cross Attention Network with Taylor-based Cross Entropy Mean Bias (MMCN_TCMB) model for detecting multimodal fake news.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed approach utilizes multimodal inputs consisting of textual and visual content obtained from fake news datasets. The textual information in news posts is first tokenized using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). Feature extraction is then performed using Word2Vec and Term Frequency\u2013Inverse Gravity Moment (TF-IGM). Simultaneously, images associated with news posts undergo preprocessing through Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization and Histogram Equalization (CLAHE-HE), followed by feature extraction using ResNet. The extracted textual and visual features are combined and processed through the MMCN framework. The learning mechanism of the network is enhanced using the Taylor-based Cross Entropy Mean Bias (TCMB) loss function to improve classification performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MMCN_TCMB model achieves superior performance in multimodal fake news detection. The model attains a recall of 97.988%, precision of 96.223%, F1-score of 97.098%, and overall accuracy of 97.436%, outperforming existing methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that integrating multimodal feature extraction with cross-attention mechanisms and the TCMB loss function significantly enhances the reliability and accuracy of fake news detection. The proposed framework effectively captures both textual and visual inconsistencies, making it a promising approach for combating misinformation in modern digital platforms.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>The code is available on:<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/github.com\/banbhrani84\/MMCN_TCMB-Fake-News-<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2026.1796969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:37:09Z","timestamp":1780637829000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TCMB: cross-model multi-level cross-attention network with Taylor-based loss for multimodal fake news detection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Santosh Kumar","family":"Banbhrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shaoyang University","place":["Shaoyang, Hunan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Information and Computing, University of Sufism and Modern Science","place":["Bhitshah, Matiari, Sindh, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139601","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3339621","article-title":"Enhancing fake news detection by multi-feature classification","volume":"11","author":"Almarashy","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.23851\/mjs.v34i2.1292","article-title":"Deep learning for fake news detection: literature review","volume":"34","author":"Al-Tai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Al-Mustansiriyah J. 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