{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:58:32Z","timestamp":1793750312117,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Drug Deliv."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The nasopharynx, at the back of the nose, constitutes the dominant initial viral infection trigger zone along the upper respiratory tract. However, as per the standard recommended usage protocol (\u201cCurrent Use\u201d, or CU) for intranasal sprays, the nozzle should enter the nose almost vertically, resulting in sub-optimal nasopharyngeal drug deposition. Through the Large Eddy Simulation technique, this study has replicated airflow under standard breathing conditions with 15 and 30\u00a0L\/min inhalation rates, passing through medical scan-based anatomically accurate human airway cavities. The small-scale airflow fluctuations were resolved through use of a sub-grid scale Kinetic Energy Transport Model. Intranasally sprayed droplet trajectories for different spray axis placement and orientation conditions were subsequently tracked via Lagrangian-based inert discrete phase simulations against the ambient inhaled airflow field. Finally, this study verified the computational projections for the upper airway drug deposition trends against representative physical experiments on sprayed delivery performed in a 3D-printed anatomic replica. The model-based exercise has revealed a new \u201cImproved Use\u201d (or, IU) spray usage protocol for viral infections. It entails pointing the spray bottle at a shallower angle (with an almost horizontal placement at the nostril), aiming slightly toward the cheeks. From the conically injected spray droplet simulations, we have summarily derived the following inferences: (a) droplets sized between 7\u201317\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m are relatively more efficient at directly reaching the nasopharynx via inhaled transport; and (b) with realistic droplet size distributions, as found in current over-the-counter spray products, the targeted drug delivery through the IU protocol outperforms CU by a remarkable 2 orders-of-magnitude.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fddev.2023.1164671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T10:29:11Z","timestamp":1685528951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["On a model-based approach to improve intranasal spray targeting for respiratory viral infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Mehedi Hasan","family":"Akash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueying","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi A.","family":"Balivada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe","family":"Ato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nogaye K.","family":"Ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Mituniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Silfen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie D.","family":"Suman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arijit","family":"Chakravarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Joseph-McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saikat","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.02.005","article-title":"Respiratory mucosal delivery of next-generation COVID-19 vaccine provides robust protection against both ancestral and variant strains of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"185","author":"Afkhami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"A better way to spray?\u2013a model-based optimization of nasal spray use protocols","author":"Akash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. 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