{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T08:06:56Z","timestamp":1781165216059,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is recommended for all patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) following hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome or stenting. Yet, few patients participate due to the inconvenience and high cost of attending a facility-based program, factors which have been magnified during the ongoing COVID pandemic. Based on a retrospective analysis of CR utilization and cost in a third-party payer environment, we forecasted the potential clinical and economic benefits of delivering a home-based, virtual CR program, with the goal of guiding future implementation efforts to expand CR access.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We performed a retrospective cohort study using insurance claims data from a large, third-party payer in the state of Pennsylvania. Primary diagnostic and procedural codes were used to identify patients admitted for CAD between October 1, 2016, and September 30, 2018. Rates of enrollment in facility-based CR, as well as all-cause and cardiovascular hospital readmission and associated costs, were calculated during the 12-months following discharge.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Only 37% of the 7,264 identified eligible insured patients enrolled in a facility-based CR program within 12 months, incurring a mean delivery cost of $2,922 per participating patient. The 12-month all-cause readmission rate among these patients was 24%, compared to 31% among patients who did not participate in CR. Furthermore, among those readmitted, CR patients were readmitted less frequently than non-CR patients within this time period. The average per-patient cost from hospital readmissions was $30,814 per annum. Based on these trends, we forecasted that adoption of virtual CR among patients who previously declined CR would result in an annual cost savings between $1 and $9 million in the third-party healthcare system from a combination of increased overall CR enrollment and fewer hospital readmissions among new HBCR participants.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Among insured patients eligible for CR in a third-party payer environment, implementation of a home-based virtual CR program is forecasted to yield significant cost savings through a combination of increased CR participation and a consequent reduction in downstream healthcare utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.678009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:20:42Z","timestamp":1638314442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Retrospective Analysis and Forecasted Economic Impact of a Virtual Cardiac Rehabilitation Program in a Third-Party Payer Environment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Arash","family":"Harzand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Weidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Rayl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelanwa","family":"Adesanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ericka","family":"Holmstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshvardhan","family":"Vathsangam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Murali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185734","article-title":"AACVPR\/ACC\/AHA 2007 performance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation\/secondary prevention services","volume":"116","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.044","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.02.008","article-title":"Participation in cardiac rehabilitation, readmissions, and death after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"127","author":"Dunlay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31823b21e2","article-title":"Referral, enrollment, and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation\/secondary prevention programs at clinical centers and beyond","volume":"124","author":"Balady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.07.028","article-title":"Feasibility of a smartphone-enabled cardiac rehabilitation program in male veterans with previous clinical evidence of coronary heart disease","volume":"122","author":"Harzand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E69","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000663","article-title":"Home-based cardiac rehabilitation: a scientific statement from the American association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation, the American heart association, and the American college of cardiology","volume":"140","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-016-9583-6","article-title":"2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. 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