{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:55:43Z","timestamp":1753890943694,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The (GuideSafe\u2122) Exposure Notification System (ENS) was built and deployed in (Alabama) for anonymous sending and receiving of COVID-19 exposure alerts to people who have been in close contact with someone who later reports a positive COVID-19 test. Little is known about how the demographic groups perceive recent privacy-preserving the ENS innovations, including their usability, usefulness, satisfaction, and continued interest in sharing COVID-19 exposure information. The purpose of this study was to investigate how users across the demographic groups perceive the sharing of exposure information with various types of organizations and to investigate how end-user perceptions of the ENS usability, usefulness, and satisfaction differ across the demographic groups within the context of a statewide deployment of an exposure notification system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A survey was administered to (state residents blinded for review) (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,049) to assess propensity to share COVID-19 infection data and evaluate end-user perceptions about usability, usefulness, and satisfaction with the (Alabama) ENS. The ANOVA and the Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic> tests were conducted to assess the demographic group differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ENS survey participants had a high awareness of contact tracing, exposure notifications, and the (GuideSafe\u2122) ENS and reported having downloaded the app. Survey results revealed the majority of participants rated the app as useful (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 490, 79%), easy to use (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 490, 79%), and reported satisfaction with its use (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 546, 88%). Other results suggest that ethnicity and age may be important factors for trust in sharing exposure information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The (GuideSafe\u2122) system was one integrated component of comprehensive education and work re-entry strategy across (Alabama) that reached a broad user base. Users across the different demographic groups perceive the sharing of information about their communicable disease exposures differently. Furthermore, demographic factors play a role in which types of organizations individuals are willing to share their communicable disease exposure information. Public health institutions, employers, schools, healthcare providers, and technology designers may want to consider these findings as they construct technologies and perform outreach campaigns aimed at reducing infection rates with the ENS and related technologies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.926683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T06:24:11Z","timestamp":1658989451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["User perceptions about sharing exposure notification information for communicable diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Schooley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sue S.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610941104","article-title":"Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"104","author":"Hatchett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0504","article-title":"The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (CoVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application","volume":"172","author":"Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.08.029","article-title":"Integrating emerging technologies into COVID-19 contact tracing: Opportunities, challenges and pitfalls","volume":"14","author":"Mbunge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30498-9","article-title":"Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"20","author":"Bagcchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.3390\/su12093834","article-title":"Social stigma during COVID-19 and its impact on HCWs outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Ramaci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa757","article-title":"Contact tracing: essential to the public health response and our understanding of the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"71","author":"Althoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1859","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1859","article-title":"Covid-19 contact tracing: a briefing","volume":"369","author":"Baraniuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013699","article-title":"Digital contact tracing technologies in epiDemics: a rapid review","volume":"8","author":"Anglemyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20817-6","article-title":"A population-based controlled experiment assessing the epidemiological impact of digital contact tracing","volume":"12","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e452","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30157-2","article-title":"Impact of delays on effectiveness of contact tracing strategies for COVID-19: a modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Kretzschmar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.201315","article-title":"Contact Tracing during Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, South Korea, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.01.007","article-title":"Awareness, acceptance, and adoption of the national digital contact tracing tool post COVID-19 lockdown among visitors to a public hospital in Singapore","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68452-5_21","volume-title":"First Eyetracking Results of Dutch CoronaMelder Contact Tracing and Notification","author":"van 't Klooster","year":""},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0483","article-title":"Ready or not for contact tracing? 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