{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:20:46Z","timestamp":1793380846171,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical assessment of upper limb sensorimotor function post-stroke is often constrained by low sensitivity and limited information on movement quality. To address this gap, recent studies proposed a standardized instrumented drinking task, as a representative daily activity combining different components of functional arm use. Although kinematic movement quality measures for this task are well-established, and optical motion capture (OMC) has proven effective in their measurement, its clinical application remains limited. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) emerge as a promising low-cost and user-friendly alternative, yet their validity and clinical relevance compared to the gold standard OMC need investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we conducted a measurement system comparison between IMUs and OMC, analyzing 15 established movement quality measures in 15 mild and moderate stroke patients performing the drinking task, using five IMUs placed on each wrist, upper arm, and trunk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings revealed strong agreement between the systems, with 12 out of 15 measures demonstrating clinical applicability, evidenced by Limits of Agreement (LoA) below the Minimum Clinically Important Differences (MCID) for each measure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results are promising, suggesting the clinical applicability of IMUs in quantifying movement quality for mildly and moderately impaired stroke patients performing the drinking task.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1359776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T04:29:34Z","timestamp":1711600174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Upper limb movement quality measures: comparing IMUs and optical motion capture in stroke patients performing a drinking task"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Unger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"de Sousa Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mokni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Weikert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Pohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.P.O.","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Sauerzopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"K\u00fchnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Gavagnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.R.","family":"Luft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Gassert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Lambercy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Awai Easthope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.G.","family":"Sch\u00f6nhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.029606","article-title":"Burden of stroke in Europe: thirty-year projections of incidence, prevalence, deaths,, disability-adjusted life years","volume":"51","author":"Wafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211065917","article-title":"World stroke organization (WSO): global stroke fact sheet 2022","volume":"17","author":"Feigin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1279","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of acute stroke impairments, disability in a multiethnic population","volume":"32","author":"Lawrence","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"817","article-title":"Tracking the global burden of stoke and dementia: World Stroke Day 2020","volume-title":"Int J Stroke","author":"Markus","year":"2020"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.32598\/RJ.22.1.3238.1","article-title":"The relationship between upper limb function, participation, independence in daily activities of life in people with stroke","volume":"22","author":"Akbarfahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Rehabil"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154792","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154792","article-title":"Upper limb outcome measures used in stroke rehabilitation studies: a systematic literature review","volume":"11","author":"Santisteban","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317714576","article-title":"Do activity level outcome measures commonly used in neurological practice assess upper-limb movement quality?","volume":"31","author":"Demers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019873519","article-title":"Standardized measurement of quality of upper limb movement after stroke: consensus-based core recommendations from the second stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable","volume":"14","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308328727","article-title":"What do motor \u201crecovery\u201d and \u201ccompensationg\u201d mean in patients following stroke?","volume":"23","author":"Levin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873231191304","article-title":"Motor rehabilitation after stroke: European Stroke Organisation (ESO) consensus-based definition and guiding framework","volume":"8","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023531","article-title":"Systematic review on kinematic assessments of upper limb movements after stroke","volume":"50","author":"Schwarz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017711813","article-title":"Standardized measurement of sensorimotor recovery in stroke trials: consensus-based core recommendations from the stroke recovery, rehabilitation roundtable","volume":"12","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0286-7","article-title":"A data-driven framework for selecting, validating digital health metrics: use-case in neurological sensorimotor impairments","volume":"3","author":"Kanzler","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310370748","article-title":"Kinematic variables quantifying upper-extremity performance after stroke during reaching and drinking from a glass","volume":"25","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00895-3","article-title":"How many trials are needed in kinematic analysis of reach-to-grasp?\u2014a study of the drinking task in persons with stroke and non-disabled controls","volume":"18","author":"Frykberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0409-4","article-title":"Recovery of kinematic arm function in well-performing people with subacute stroke: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Thrane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312448234","article-title":"Movement kinematics during a drinking task are associated with the activity capacity level after stroke","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57228","DOI":"10.3791\/57228","article-title":"Kinematic analysis using 3D motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments","volume":"2018","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174770","article-title":"Assessment of upper limb movement impairments after stroke using wearable inertial sensing","volume":"20","author":"Schwarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors (Switzerland)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020554","article-title":"Wearable sensor to monitor quality of upper limb task practice for stroke survivors at home","volume":"24","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100411","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2018.2829208","article-title":"Enabling stroke rehabilitation in home and community settings: a wearable sensor-based approach for upper-limb motor training","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7427","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177427","article-title":"Assessing spatiotemporal and quality alterations in paretic upper limb movements after stroke in routine care: Proposal and validation of a protocol using IMUs versus MoCap","volume":"23","author":"Merlau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918617","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.918617","article-title":"Accuracy and validity of a single inertial measurement unit-based system to determine upper limb kinematics for medically underserved populations","volume":"10","author":"Hughes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051241","article-title":"Portable sensors add reliable kinematic measures to the assessment of upper extremity function","volume":"19","author":"\u00d6hberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors (Switzerland)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197771331","article-title":"The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. A method for evaluation of physical performance","volume":"7","author":"Fugl-Meyer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50759-z","article-title":"Upper limb joint kinematics using wearable magnetic and inertial measurement units: an anatomical calibration procedure based on bony landmark identification","volume":"9","author":"Picerno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"Xsens Dot Wearable Sensor Platform White Paper","author":"D\u2019alcala\u2019","year":"2021"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2022.10.014","article-title":"VQF: Highly accurate IMU orientation estimation with bias estimation and magnetic disturbance rejection","volume":"91","author":"Laidig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf Fus"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-3-18","article-title":"Three-dimensional kinematic motion analysis of a daily activity drinking from a glass: a pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Murphy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0348-0","article-title":"Human arm joints reconstruction algorithm in rehabilitation therapies assisted by end-effector robotic devices","volume":"15","author":"Bertomeu-Motos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"Introduction to Robotics Mechanics and Control","author":"Craig","year":"2005"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180272","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.272","article-title":"Data descriptor: three-dimensional motion capture data during repetitive overarm throwing practice","volume":"5","author":"Ozkaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Conversion of Upper-Limb Inertial Measurement Unit Data to Joint Angles: A Systematic Review","author":"Fang","year":"2023"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558771","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.558771","article-title":"Estimating movement smoothness from inertial measurement units","volume":"8","author":"Melendez-Calderon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01022-x","article-title":"Using multiple agreement methods for continuous repeated measures data: a tutorial for practitioners","volume":"20","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168321","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168321","article-title":"Application of mixed effects limits of agreement in the presence of multiple sources of variability: exemplar from the comparison of several devices to measure respiratory rate in COPD patients","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.11.016","article-title":"The minimal clinically important difference raised the significance of outcome effects above the statistical level, with methodological implications for future studies","volume":"82","author":"Angst","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Human Movement Analysis: The Soft Tissue Artefact Issue","author":"Camomilla","year":"2017"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N21","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/29\/4\/N01","article-title":"Study of the motion artefacts of skin-mounted inertial sensors under different attachment conditions","volume":"29","author":"Forner-Cordero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093353","article-title":"IMU motion capture method with adaptive tremor attenuation in teleoperation robot system","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313491008","article-title":"Responsiveness of upper extremity kinematic measures and clinical improvement during the first three months after stroke","volume":"27","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6858.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206858","article-title":"Validation of 3-space wireless inertial measurement units using an industrial robot","volume":"21","author":"Hislop","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736418","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.736418","article-title":"Calibration-free gait assessment by foot-worn inertial sensors","volume":"3","author":"Laidig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1359776\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T04:29:44Z","timestamp":1711600184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1359776\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1359776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1359776","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-253X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-253X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"article-number":"1359776"}}