{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:16:52Z","timestamp":1784215012909,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparing health indicators across the European Union (EU) is a challenging endeavour. A feasibility study was conducted to explore opportunities for improvement through the contextualisation of indicators for major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to improve the usability and transparency of indicators in the domain of NCDs by describing the contextual information about the data from which they draw and the related data processes. In particular, we sought to illustrate how semantic linkage could be achieved to facilitate interoperability with other metadata models using FAIR data principles. Finally, we aimed to provide recommendations for the implementation of the proposed metadata model at the EU level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A number of expert group meetings were held between March 2023 and October 2024 to agree on the approach and related technologies to meet the standard requirements for the meaningful comparison of indicators across countries and regions of Europe in the domain of NCDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Semantic Ontology-Labelled Indicator Contextualisation Integrative Taxonomy (SOLICIT) was selected as a suitable generic metadata model for contextualising indicators. In this work, we adapted the SOLICIT generic framework to the diabetes sub-domain and extended its applicability more generally across all NCDs. As a proof of concept, we present an example of how to adapt a diabetes indicator and its related contextualisation within SOLICIT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The accurate contextualisation of NCD indicators can substantially improve their use and comparability across national and regional boundaries. This study delivered a set of seven recommendations for implementation in three different areas: (a) contextualisation of common data elements and indicators (use of contextual information; common schema for semantic linkage), (b) generic contextualisation framework (adoption of the framework; use of SOLICIT), and (c) implementation at EU level (pilot test of the model on federated\n                      <jats:bold>networks<\/jats:bold>\n                      ; development of European portals; implementation of a user-friendly interface for SOLICIT). The proposed concepts provide a way of validating indicator values and their comparisons, as well as their provision, including all relevant details, encouraging secondary use and potential integration with additional indicator sets. Further studies are needed to test and refine the proposed model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1685733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T15:21:29Z","timestamp":1765898489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["FAIR foundations of a novel indicator vault for non-communicable diseases in the European Union: feasibility study for effective contextualisation of indicators"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Iztok","family":"\u0160totl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Carinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Fava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Lavens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Lepiksone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Massi Benedetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Polji\u010danin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"S\u00e1ndor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744516","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2021.744516","article-title":"Making use of comparable health data to improve quality of care and outcomes in diabetes: the EUBIROD review of diabetes registries and data sources in Europe","volume":"2","author":"Carinci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18","article-title":"The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship","volume":"3","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E33","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24295","article-title":"Definitions of \u201cmetadata\u201d: a brief survey of international standards","volume":"71","author":"Furner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Assoc Inf Sci Technol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25440","DOI":"10.2196\/25440","article-title":"Understanding the nature of metadata: systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Ulrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech13030034","article-title":"Data management in biobanking: strategies, challenges, and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Alkhatib","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioTech"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2014.11.006","article-title":"Implementing common data elements across studies to advance research","volume":"63","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"key":"B7","year":"2021"},{"key":"B8","author":"Heard","year":"2006"},{"key":"B9","author":"Terzi","year":"2021"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/09614524.2022.2104220","article-title":"Pitfalls of \u201cslippery indicators\u201d: the importance of reading between the lines","volume":"33","author":"Fischer-Mackey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Pract"},{"key":"B11","author":"Pencheon","year":"2017"},{"key":"B12","year":""},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684947","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1684947","article-title":"Linking registries to deliver standardized NCD indicators in the European health data space: why do we need a collaborative health information European framework (CHIEF)","volume":"13","author":"Carinci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B14","year":"2015"},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Registry networks","volume-title":"21st Century Patient Registries: Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes: A User\u2019s Guide: 3rd Edition, Addendum [Internet]","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2018"},{"key":"B16","year":"2023"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3414\/ME15-01-0016","article-title":"Core standards of the EUBIROD project. 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