{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:31:28Z","timestamp":1787725888307,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50DA048756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50DA048756"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Family Check-Up Online (FCU-O) fills a unique gap in family prevention by providing digital, accessible content to support substance-involved parents outside of residential treatment settings to reduce the impact of substance use on parenting. We examined whether parents reported reductions in coping motivations for substance use (CM) and substance use-related parenting interference (PI) after completing the FCU-O substance use module. We further explored whether baseline substance use-related risk was associated with differential change in parenting outcomes over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were parents (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009180) of 1.5\u20135-year-old children assigned to the FCU-O within a randomized controlled trial and self-reported CM and PI via a pre- and post-assessment embedded within the app. We conducted linear mixed-effects models for each outcome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analyses revealed a significant effect of time for CM (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.46, SE\u2009=\u20090.22, t\u2009=\u2009\u22122.13,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035), but not for PI (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05, SE\u2009=\u20090.18, t\u2009=\u20090.28,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.783). Exploratory moderation analyses indicated that baseline substance use risk was significantly associated with higher levels of CM and PI at baseline, however, risk did not significantly moderate change over time for either CM or PI (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.17 for each).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that parents endorsed less frequent CM after completing the FCU-O substance use module, while PI remained stable. These findings provide preliminary support for the FCU-O in improving substance-related coping behaviors and can guide future efforts to support substance-involved parents in parenting effectively and safely.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1769417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:03:20Z","timestamp":1787724200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reductions in substance use-related parenting behaviors after participation in a digitally delivered parenting intervention"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Amanda C.","family":"Trujillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education, University of Oregon","place":["Eugene, OR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel W.","family":"Rueter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education, University of Oregon","place":["Eugene, OR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Hails","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon","place":["Eugene, OR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Stormshak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education, University of Oregon","place":["Eugene, OR, United States"]},{"name":"Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon","place":["Eugene, OR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100172","article-title":"Parenting stress: a novel mechanism of addiction vulnerability","volume":"11","author":"Rutherford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2025.0828","article-title":"US Children living with a parent with substance use disorder","volume":"179","author":"McCabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0810","article-title":"Estimated number of children who lost a parent to drug overdose in the US from 2011 to 2021","volume":"81","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134708","article-title":"Medications for opioid use disorders: clinical and pharmacological considerations","volume":"130","author":"Volkow","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2021.100388","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on substance use among adults without children, parents, and adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Dodge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.7326\/m22-0217","article-title":"U.S. Trends in registration for medical cannabis and reasons for use from 2016 to 2020","volume":"175","author":"Boehnke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.032","article-title":"Co-occurrence of tobacco product use, substance use, and mental health problems among adults: findings from wave 1 (2013\u20132014) of the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study","volume":"177","author":"Conway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630247","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.630247","article-title":"The behavioral sequelae of cannabis use in healthy people: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Sorkhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(13)61611-6","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Whiteford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.09.019","article-title":"Coping via substance use, internal attribution bias, and their depressive interplay: findings from a three-week daily diary study using a clinical sample","volume":"89","author":"Heggeness","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2021.1916815","article-title":"Substance use and mental health in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Reprod Infant Psychol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2022.2130001","article-title":"Parental cannabis use, negative parenting, and behavior problems of young children","volume":"57","author":"Wesemann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.07.008","article-title":"Examining the relationship between marijuana use, medical marijuana dispensaries, and abusive and neglectful parenting","volume":"48","author":"Freisthler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/1533256x.2019.1640019","article-title":"Types of substance use and punitive parenting: a preliminary exploration","volume":"19","author":"Freisthler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Soc Work Pract Addict"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828x.2021.1971130","article-title":"The consequences of postnatal parental opioid misuse on child well-being: a scoping review","volume":"29","author":"Day","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-023-02576-2","article-title":"Parenting and the opioid epidemic: a systematic scoping review","volume":"32","author":"Voss","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22040612","article-title":"Review of studies regarding assessment of families where children are at risk of harm due to parental substance misuse","volume":"22","author":"Tustin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15735","article-title":"Associations of common mental disorder with alcohol use in the adult general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Puddephatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16001","article-title":"Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Stellern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003602","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003602","article-title":"Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2024.2437492","article-title":"I\u2019m not a bad mother:\u201d the experience of stigma among mothers with substance use disorder in the criminal justice system","volume":"65","author":"Stephenson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13668803.2021.1975650","article-title":"Lessons learned in COVID-19: mothers with problematic substance use and involvement with child protective services need support to promote family well-being","volume":"25","author":"Valeriote","year":"2021","journal-title":"Community Work Fam"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15846","article-title":"The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions at reducing the frequency of alcohol and drug use in parents: findings of a cochrane review and meta-analyses","volume":"117","author":"McGovern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695967","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.695967","article-title":"The family check-up online: a telehealth model for delivery of parenting skills to high-risk families with opioid use histories","volume":"12","author":"Stormshak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.940623","article-title":"Parenting and the family check-up: changes in observed parent-child interaction following early childhood intervention","volume":"44","author":"Sitnick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0001050","article-title":"Family-centered prevention to enhance proactive parenting and parental self-efficacy during early elementary school","volume":"37","author":"Resnik","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579409000236","article-title":"Improvements in maternal depression as a mediator of intervention effects on early childhood problem behavior","volume":"21","author":"Shaw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01195.x","article-title":"The family check-up with high-risk indigent families: preventing problem behavior by increasing parents\u2019 positive behavior support in early childhood","volume":"79","author":"Dishion","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000147","article-title":"Preventing adolescent depression with the family check-up: examining family conflict as a mechanism of change","volume":"30","author":"Fosco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000337","article-title":"Effects of the family check-up on reducing growth in conduct problems from toddlerhood through school age: an analysis of moderated mediation","volume":"86","author":"Shelleby","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2024.09.009","article-title":"Family check-up online effects on parenting and parent wellbeing in families of toddler to preschool-age children","volume":"70","author":"Hails","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Child Res Q"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-023-00727-1","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of the family check-up online to improve parent mental health and family functioning in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Connell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Prev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.04.004","article-title":"Interventions to address parenting and parental substance abuse: conceptual and methodological considerations","volume":"39","author":"Neger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"cl2.1413","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1413","article-title":"Psychosocial, pharmacological, and legal interventions for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children with substance misusing parents: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Eggins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015622","article-title":"Moderators of outcome in a brief family-centered intervention for preventing early problem behavior","volume":"77","author":"Gardner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-014-0479-x","article-title":"The family check-up and service use in high-risk families of young children: a prevention strategy with a bridge to community-based treatment","volume":"16","author":"Leijten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415001212","article-title":"The long-term effectiveness of the family check-up on school-age conduct problems: moderation by neighborhood deprivation","volume":"28","author":"Shaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.09.006","article-title":"Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2)","volume":"58","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Everyday Parenting: A Professional\u2019s Guide to Building Family Management Skills","author":"Stormshak","year":"2024"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.2.117","article-title":"Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: development and validation of a four-factor model","volume":"6","author":"Cooper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B41","author":"Rohner","year":"2016"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478722","article-title":"A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values","volume":"83","author":"Little","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559519873047","article-title":"Parenting interventions for mothers with problematic substance use: a systematic review of research and community practice","volume":"25","author":"Milligan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.03.005","article-title":"Parenting outcomes of parenting interventions in integrated substance-use treatment programs: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Moreland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2022.2102190","article-title":"Maternal parenting stress, disengagement strategies for managing parenting stress, and hazardous alcohol use among mothers of adolescents","volume":"57","author":"Bilsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172883","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172883","article-title":"Stress and substance use disorders: risk, relapse, and treatment outcomes","volume":"134","author":"Sinha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/1074840716676083","article-title":"Interventions for reducing parenting stress in families with pediatric conditions: an integrative review","volume":"22","author":"Golfenshtein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Fam Nurs"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12730","article-title":"Building long-term family resilience through universal prevention: 10-year parent and child outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"61","author":"Feinberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam Process"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12309","article-title":"Family and child outcomes 2 years after a transition to parenthood intervention","volume":"67","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1799-6","article-title":"Validity of self-reported drug use information among pregnant women","volume":"20","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-021-00398-3","article-title":"Validity of self-reported substance use: research setting versus primary health care setting","volume":"16","author":"Khalili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559518815613","article-title":"Detection of problematic substance use in the child welfare system: a comparison of self-report and caseworker report","volume":"24","author":"Seay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.115971","article-title":"Effectiveness of father-inclusive interventions on maternal, paternal, couples, and early child outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"328","author":"Jeong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12280","article-title":"Practitioner review: engaging fathers\u2009\u2013\u2009recommendations for a game change in parenting interventions based on a systematic review of the global evidence","volume":"55","author":"Panter-Brick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-022-00978-2","article-title":"Substance use screening and prevention for adolescents in pediatric primary care: a randomized clinical trial using the family check-up","volume":"51","author":"Gal\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990903005908","article-title":"A school-based, family-centered intervention to prevent substance use: the family check-up","volume":"35","author":"Stormshak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1037\/a0040248","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of the family check-up model in public secondary schools: examining links between parent engagement and substance use progressions from early adolescence to adulthood","volume":"84","author":"V\u00e9ronneau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1769417\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:03:21Z","timestamp":1787724201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1769417\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1769417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1769417","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-253X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-253X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"1769417"}}