{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:52:43Z","timestamp":1785909163006,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MJFF-PI047794."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-PI047794."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) benefits from innovative approaches such as large-scale online surveys on different risk factors in the general population. Effective dissemination is essential, yet little is known about the relative reach and recruitment patterns of different strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe dissemination strategies used in the multicenter Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA) study and characterize center-specific recruitment-source, web-access, demographic, and survey-completion patterns across three European centers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from three centers (Barcelona, Spain; Luxembourg, Luxembourg; and Innsbruck, Austria) aiming at remotely identifying PD risk factors and prodromal symptoms were analyzed. Dissemination strategies were categorized as digital or traditional. Descriptive statistics summarized dissemination strategies, geographic web-access patterns, linguistic adaptation, recruitment sources, and survey completion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At the campaign level, digital dissemination predominated in Barcelona (55.7%) and Luxembourg (53.3%), whereas Innsbruck used a slightly higher proportion of traditional campaigns (52.2%). Participant-reported recruitment sources showed center-specific patterns: digital advertising was the most frequent reported source in Barcelona (62.5%), flyers or invitation letters in Luxembourg (39.3%), and radio or television in Innsbruck (31.4%). Sex-based recruitment differences were significant in Luxembourg (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) and Innsbruck (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009), and age-based differences were significant in all centers (Barcelona\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, Luxembourg\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, Innsbruck\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), with 82.0% of participants younger than 65 years. The proportion of participants in the high questionnaire-completion category (\u226590% of items answered) was 77.1% in Barcelona, 94.5% in Luxembourg, and 92.8% in Innsbruck.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recruitment-related patterns differed across centers and reflected locally implemented combinations of digital and traditional dissemination channels. These findings suggest that recruitment strategies for large-scale online health studies may benefit from considering local media ecosystems, language contexts, and digital participation patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1862779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:41:18Z","timestamp":1785908478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital and traditional recruitment strategies and participation patterns in the multicenter Healthy Brain Ageing study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Pilco-Janeta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Mahlknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck","place":["Innsbruck, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"De la Cruz-Puebla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Horlings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck","place":["Innsbruck, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies, Universitat de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) CB06\/05\/0018-ISCIII","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taina M.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health","place":["Strassen, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxandra","family":"Soare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg","place":["Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Theyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck","place":["Innsbruck, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Leiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck","place":["Innsbruck, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumyabrata","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg","place":["Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Rege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg","place":["Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Egner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck","place":["Innsbruck, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3n Pol","family":"Gales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health","place":["Strassen, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Schade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik Kassel","place":["Kassel, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Granolles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Marketing Agency, Altoclick","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Farfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata P.","family":"Satagopam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg","place":["Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Trenkwalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik Kassel","place":["Kassel, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Goettingen","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brit","family":"Mollenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik Kassel","place":["Kassel, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rejko","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg","place":["Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"]},{"name":"Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health","place":["Strassen, Luxembourg"]},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg","place":["Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Poewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck","place":["Innsbruck, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Tolosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Lab of Parkinson's & Other Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies, Universitat de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) CB06\/05\/0018-ISCIII","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Jos\u00e9","family":"Mart\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Lab of Parkinson's & Other Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies, Universitat de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) CB06\/05\/0018-ISCIII","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25945","article-title":"The prevalence of Parkinson's Disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Pringsheim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200011)15:6<1112::AID-MDS1008>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"How does Parkinson's disease affect quality of life? A comparison with quality of life in the general population","volume":"15","author":"Schrag","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8605-x","article-title":"Do cognition and other non-motor symptoms decline similarly among patients with Parkinson's Disease motor subtypes? Findings from a 5-year prospective study","volume":"264","author":"Arie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"The\u202fHealthy Brain Ageing (HeBA) Parkinson's disease risk survey:\u202fstudy design and methods. (Abstract No. 1957)","volume":"38","author":"Horlings","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14264","article-title":"Preferences regarding disclosure of risk for Parkinson's disease in a population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Mahlknecht","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"B7","author":"Schade","year":""},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27802","article-title":"Update of the MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's Disease","volume":"34","author":"Heinzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23687","article-title":"Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease","volume":"72","author":"Noyce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26431","article-title":"MDS Research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1159\/000445751","article-title":"The incidence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hirsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191901","article-title":"Innovative recruitment strategies to increase diversity of participation in Parkinson's disease research: the fox insight cohort experience","volume":"10","author":"Dobkin","year":"","journal-title":"J Park Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60413","DOI":"10.2196\/60413","article-title":"Recruiting young people for digital mental health research: lessons from an AI-driven adaptive trial","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01011-0","article-title":"Social media as a recruitment platform for a nationwide online survey of COVID-19 knowledge, beliefs, and practices in the United States: methodology and feasibility analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.48083\/PERG3137","article-title":"Tips and pitfalls in using social Media platforms for survey dissemination","volume":"4","author":"Keat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Int D'Urologie J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51418","DOI":"10.2196\/51418","article-title":"Examining the effectiveness of social Media for the dissemination of research evidence for health and social care practitioners. Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Roberts-Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1933","article-title":"A new dimension of health care: systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social Media for health communication","volume":"15","author":"Moorhead","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5811","article-title":"Assessing the viability of social media for disseminating evidence-based nutrition practice guideline through content analysis of twitter messages and health professional interviews: an observational study","volume":"18","author":"Hand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000368","article-title":"Direct mail recruitment to a potential participant registry","volume":"35","author":"Gombosev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7830-x","article-title":"A research tool for measuring non-participation of older people in research on digital health","volume":"19","author":"Poli","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2021.08.028","article-title":"Impact of language preference and health literacy on health information-seeking experiences among a low-income, multilingual cohort","volume":"105","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-508","article-title":"Using twitter for breast cancer prevention: an analysis of breast cancer awareness month","volume":"13","author":"Thackeray","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.5205","article-title":"Leveraging social Media to promote public health knowledge: example of cancer awareness via twitter","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2018.10.005","article-title":"Utilizing internet-based recruitment and data collection to access different age groups of former family caregivers","volume":"44","author":"Corey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res ANR"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.5747","article-title":"The effectiveness of social media (Facebook) compared with more traditional advertising methods for recruiting eligible participants to health research studies: a randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Frandsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-020-0974-3","article-title":"Knowledge translation strategies for dissemination with a focus on healthcare recipients: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"15","author":"Chapman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-020-01046-3","article-title":"Strategies for effective dissemination of research to United States policymakers: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Ashcraft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Implement Sci iS"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0279720","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279720","article-title":"Data quality in online human-subjects research: comparisons between MTurk, prolific, CloudResearch, qualtrics, and SONA","volume":"18","author":"Douglas","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8241-8","article-title":"Factors associated with health survey response among young employees: a register-based study using online, mailed and telephone interview data collection methods","volume":"20","author":"Lallukka","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66631","DOI":"10.2196\/66631","article-title":"Determinants of digital health literacy: international cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000100","article-title":"Embedded online questionnaire measures are sensitive to identifying mild cognitive impairment","volume":"30","author":"Seelye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17884","DOI":"10.2196\/17884","article-title":"Prediction of (non)Participation of older people in digital health research: exergame intervention study","volume":"22","author":"Poli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552076221074485","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221074485","article-title":"The role of age and digital competence on the use of online health and social care services: a cross-sectional population-based survey","volume":"8","author":"Heponiemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000774","article-title":"A comparative analysis of recruitment methods to reach emerging adults outside the clinical setting","volume":"74","author":"Walsh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e286","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5698","article-title":"The use of social media in recruitment for medical research studies: a scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Topolovec-Vranic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1862779\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:41:20Z","timestamp":1785908480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1862779\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1862779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1862779","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-253X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-253X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"article-number":"1862779"}}