{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:32:11Z","timestamp":1787725931295,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), hereafter referred to as self-injury, is common among adolescents and is associated with elevated risk for suicide attempts and other adverse mental health outcomes. Because most adolescents who self-injure do not receive formal treatment, accessible alternatives are needed. Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) may offer an accessible and scalable means of support. While previous research has examined DMHIs for youth, less is known about how adolescents who engage in self-injury understand their experiences and use digital technologies, including emerging tools such as artificial intelligence (AI), to support their mental health. This study explored adolescents\u2019 lived experiences of self-injury, help-seeking behaviors, and technology use for coping and support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted semi-structured interviews between May 2024 and April 2025 with 21 adolescents (14\u201318 years old) with lived experience of self-injury. Recruitment occurred through a mental health screener hosted on a large national mental health nonprofit's website. Interviews explored adolescent experiences with self-injury, barriers to seeking help, and the role of digital tools in their self-injury self-management. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed via thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescents described self-injury as a coping strategy embedded within broader emotional and social stressors. While they were aware of the harms, they commonly expressed ambivalence about stopping the behavior. Stigma and concerns about disclosure often limited help-seeking and contributed to their use of digital technologies to access information and support. Participants reported using a range of tools, including music streaming platforms, journaling and mood-tracking apps, online communities, and AI systems such as ChatGPT to regulate emotions, reflect on their experiences, seek advice, and discuss sensitive topics. Although these technologies were valued for their accessibility, privacy, and immediacy, participants also highlighted limitations, including inaccurate or generic AI responses, limited moderation in online communities, and the complex emotional impacts of music.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings underscore the complex and evolving role digital technologies, including AI, play in adolescents\u2019 experiences of self-injury, coping, and help-seeking. These insights have important implications for the development of future interventions and for clinicians, caregivers, and other health professionals supporting adolescents\u2019 mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1905943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:04:19Z","timestamp":1787724259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Navigating self-injury in a digital world: adolescents\u2019 perspectives on coping, help-seeking, and technology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Israel","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Barnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhu","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of California Irvine Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences","place":["Irvine, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason J.","family":"Washburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health America","place":["Alexandria, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaylee P.","family":"Kruzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.02.009","article-title":"Psychotherapeutic interventions specifically developed for NSSI in adolescence: a systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Calvo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.091","article-title":"The development of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) during adolescence: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"339","author":"De Luca","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B3","author":"Faverio","year":"2025"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12619","article-title":"Review: digital experiences and their impact on the lives of adolescents with pre-existing anxiety, depression, eating and nonsuicidal self-injury conditions \u2013 a systematic review - kostyrka-allchorne - 2023 - child and adolescent mental health","volume":"28","author":"Kostyrka-Allchorne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wiley Online Library"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21854","DOI":"10.2196\/21854","article-title":"Examining the relationship between the use of a mobile peer-support app and self-injury outcomes: longitudinal mixed methods study","volume":"8","author":"Kruzan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00734-4","article-title":"Online self-injury activities among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents: prevalence, functions, and perceived consequences","volume":"49","author":"Nesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063289","article-title":"Smartphone apps are cool, but do they help me?\u201d: a qualitative interview study of Adolescents\u2019 perspectives on using smartphone interventions to manage nonsuicidal self-injury","volume":"18","author":"\u010cu\u0161","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.116017","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and safety of adding a self-harm prevention app (BlueIce) to specialist mental health care for adolescents who repeatedly self-harm: a single blind randomised controlled trial (the BASH study)","volume":"339","author":"Stallard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913599","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.913599","article-title":"How technologies can support self-injury self-management: perspectives of young adults with lived experience of nonsuicidal self-injury","volume":"4","author":"Kruzan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54478","DOI":"10.2196\/54478","article-title":"The impact of video-based microinterventions on attitudes toward mental health and help seeking in youth: web-based randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Lemmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-024-00318-9","article-title":"Digital interventions for adolescents and young adults experiencing self-injurious thoughts and behaviors","volume":"11","author":"Kruzan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70054","article-title":"Brief digital psychological intervention to prevent relapse of non-suicidal self-injury behavior in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2322069","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.22069","article-title":"Effect of internet-delivered emotion regulation individual therapy for adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Bjureberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibaa131","article-title":"Behavior change techniques in mobile apps targeting self-harm in young people: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Panagiotopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14090740","article-title":"Digital platform for the prevention of suicidal behaviour and non-suicidal self-injuries in adolescents: the SmartCrisis-teen study protocol","volume":"14","author":"Abascal-Peir\u00f3","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-60746-2_13","article-title":"Digital single-session interventions for youth mental health","volume-title":"Brief CBT and Science-Based Tailoring for Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults","author":"Jans","year":"2024"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2024.1146","article-title":"Department of psychology KU. Evaluation of an app-based brief cognitive behavioral therapy for individuals with nonsuicidal self-injury","volume":"67","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12115","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12115","article-title":"Internet based intervention (emotion regulation individual therapy for adolescents) as add-on to treatment as usual versus treatment as usual for non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent outpatients: the TEENS randomised feasibility trial","volume":"2","author":"Morthorst","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCPP Adv"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.04.005","article-title":"AI In mental health","volume":"36","author":"D\u2019Alfonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"222","article-title":"The dark side of generative AI: chatbots and mental health","volume":"51","author":"Freitas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Consum Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2024.50","article-title":"Use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in psychiatry and mental health care: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Kolding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.2013200","article-title":"Artificially intelligent chatbots in digital mental health interventions: a review","volume":"18","author":"Boucher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78414","DOI":"10.2196\/78414","article-title":"The ability of AI therapy bots to set limits with distressed adolescents: simulation-based comparison study","volume":"12","author":"Clark","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"B24","author":"Yoo","year":"2025"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119506","article-title":"Development and initial test of an online self-assessment of nonsuicidal self-injury severity","volume":"387","author":"Kruzan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05279903","article-title":"How many interviews are enough?: an experiment with data saturation and variability","volume":"18","author":"Guest","year":"2006","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","article-title":"Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis","volume":"11","author":"Braun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-021-00878-x","article-title":"Exploring adolescent experiences with disclosing self-injurious thoughts and behaviors across settings","volume":"50","author":"Fox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00651","article-title":"Parents\u2019 attitudes toward and experience of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: a qualitative study","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/jmft.12150","article-title":"The relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury and family functioning: adolescent and parent perspectives","volume":"42","author":"Kelada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Marital Fam Ther"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03715-7","article-title":"Parents\u2019 lived experience of adolescents\u2019 repeated non-suicidal self-injury in China: a qualitative study","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610670","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.610670","article-title":"Stressful experiences in university predict non-suicidal self-injury through emotional reactivity","volume":"12","author":"Hamza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13072","article-title":"Does higher-than-usual stress predict nonsuicidal self-injury? Evidence from two prospective studies in adolescent and emerging adult females","volume":"60","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.032","article-title":"Stress-induced alterations in resting-state functional connectivity among adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury","volume":"339","author":"Otto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2017.1411785","article-title":"Emotional responding in NSSI: examinations of appraisals of positive and negative emotional stimuli, with and without acute stress","volume":"32","author":"Tatnell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02712-x","article-title":"Addiction profile is associated with suicidal behavior and repetition of non-suicidal self injury: a latent profile analysis study in a schooled adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Arqueros","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-025-00680-5","article-title":"Non-Suicidal self-injury as a behavioural addiction: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Carenys","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.046","article-title":"Internet addiction among adolescents may predict self-harm\/suicidal behavior: a prospective study","volume":"197","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033242","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1033242","article-title":"Factors influencing the addiction characteristics of non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors in adolescents: a case-control study","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2020.1823916","article-title":"Young peoples\u2019 perspectives on the role of harm reduction techniques in the management of their self-harm: a qualitative study","volume":"26","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/jcap.12035","article-title":"Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) interventions","volume":"26","author":"Gonzales","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/jcad.12554","article-title":"Cutting through stigma: suggested best practices for a harm reduction approach to nonsuicidal self-injury","volume":"103","author":"Lundeen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Couns Dev"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66349","DOI":"10.2196\/66349","article-title":"Exploring parents\u2019 immediate reactions to digital suicide risk alerts: descriptive study","volume":"27","author":"Burke","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2024.2424233","article-title":"Barriers to youth disclosing self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: a focus on the therapeutic context","volume":"29","author":"Mirichlis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.01.025","article-title":"Promoting treatment access following pediatric primary care depression screening: randomized trial of web-based, single-session interventions for parents and youths","volume":"59","author":"Schleider","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20513","DOI":"10.2196\/20513","article-title":"Acceptability and utility of an open-access, online single-session intervention platform for adolescent mental health","volume":"7","author":"Schleider","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CSCW306","DOI":"10.1145\/3757487","article-title":"Investigating the role of situational disruptors in engagement with digital mental health tools","volume":"9","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"CSCW Proc Conf Comput-Support Coop Work Conf Comput-Support Coop Work"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68419","DOI":"10.2196\/68419","article-title":"Designing values elicitation technologies for mental health and chronic care integration: user-centered design approach","volume":"9","author":"Rooper","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"B49","author":"Barron","year":"2025"},{"key":"B50","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2025"},{"key":"B51","author":"Hill","year":"2025"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"74","article-title":"Digital innovations in suicide prevention: toward a paradigm shift","volume":"37","author":"Litta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-023-00424-9","article-title":"Brief interventions for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in young people: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Dobias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081423-025033","article-title":"Single-session interventions for mental health problems and service engagement: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"21","author":"Schleider","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79850","DOI":"10.2196\/79850","article-title":"The effectiveness of AI chatbots in alleviating mental distress and promoting health behaviors among adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02867-7","article-title":"A systematic review of artificial intelligence in child and adolescent interventions: from psychotherapy to developmental support","volume":"35","author":"Mutluer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500220","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1500220","article-title":"Personalization variables in digital mental health interventions for depression and anxiety in adolescents and youth: a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Wanniarachchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605508","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1605508","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: a clinician\u2019s guide to understanding the phenomenon, diagnostic challenges, and evidence-based treatments","volume":"16","author":"Apicella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-015-0071-6","article-title":"Research with adolescents who engage in non-suicidal self-injury: ethical considerations and challenges","volume":"9","author":"Lloyd-Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-023-00297-3","article-title":"The engagement problem: a review of engagement with digital mental health interventions and recommendations for a path forward","volume":"10","author":"Lipschitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2025.2547610","article-title":"What factors are related to engagement with digital mental health interventions (DMHIs)? A meta-analysis of 117 trials","volume":"20","author":"Zainal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1905943\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:04:21Z","timestamp":1787724261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1905943\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1905943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1905943","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-253X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-253X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"1905943"}}