{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:07:39Z","timestamp":1788934059752,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming disease surveillance by enabling early outbreak detection, predictive modeling, and real-time analysis of diverse health data sources. These advances can strengthen epidemic preparedness and improve public health decision-making. However, AI adoption has progressed faster than the development of effective governance frameworks, creating challenges related to algorithmic bias, transparency, privacy, cybersecurity, accountability, and global equity. Low- and middle-income countries face additional barriers due to limited digital infrastructure and technical capacity. This policy brief highlights the urgent need for responsible AI governance through international standards, explainable algorithms, independent validation, strong data protection, and inclusive stakeholder engagement. Ensuring ethical and equitable AI implementation is essential to maximize its potential for improving disease surveillance and global health security.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1939009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:59:15Z","timestamp":1788933555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial intelligence is transforming disease surveillance, but governance is failing to keep pace"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Abdullahi Osman","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Social Science, Salaam University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdifatah","family":"Afyare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdinasir Mohamed","family":"Abdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Science, Salaam University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf Hassan","family":"Muhumed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Science, Salaam University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Adam","family":"Abdihashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Science, Salaam University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/S41586-024-08564-W","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for modelling infectious disease epidemics","volume":"638","author":"Kraemer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609615","DOI":"10.3389\/FPUBH.2025.1609615","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in early warning systems for infectious disease surveillance: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Villanueva-Miranda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100929","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BJ.2025.100929","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in infection surveillance: data integration, applications and future directions","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.30574\/GSCBPS.2025.33.3.0484","article-title":"Enhancing real-time infectious disease surveillance through AI-driven early warning and predictive outbreak detection systems","volume":"33","author":"Mayaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"GSC Biol Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3000605231159335","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605231159335","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in public health: the potential of epidemic early warning systems","volume":"51","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601151","DOI":"10.3389\/FPUBH.2025.1601151","article-title":"Harnessing artificial intelligence for enhanced public health surveillance: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Mendes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.51594\/IMSRJ.V4I6.1190","article-title":"Innovations in real-time infectious disease surveillance using AI and mobile data","volume":"4","author":"Olaboye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Med Sci Res J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.3390\/JCM14051605","article-title":"Shaping the future of healthcare: ethical clinical challenges and pathways to trustworthy AI","volume":"14","author":"Goktas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748797","DOI":"10.3389\/FPUBH.2025.1748797","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence in public health: a systematic review on technological efficacy, ethical dilemmas, and governance pathways","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3390\/JPM13060951","article-title":"A review of the role of artificial intelligence in healthcare","volume":"13","author":"Al Kuwaiti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/S12911-023-02103-9","article-title":"Ethics and governance of trustworthy medical artificial intelligence","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/S41746-024-01097-6","article-title":"The potential for artificial intelligence to transform healthcare: perspectives from international health leaders","volume":"7","author":"Silcox","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431246","DOI":"10.3389\/FDGTH.2025.1431246","article-title":"Privacy, ethics, transparency, and accountability in AI systems for wearable devices","volume":"7","author":"Radanliev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(25)00036-2","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in public health: promises, challenges, and an agenda for policy makers and public health institutions","volume":"10","author":"Panteli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692617","DOI":"10.3389\/FDGTH.2025.1692617","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in epidemic watch: revolutionizing infectious diseases surveillance","volume":"7","author":"Borham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.63665\/EIJMR.V01I01.2","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in public health surveillance: a cross-disciplinary assessment of predictive analytics and ethical concerns","volume":"1","author":"Tripathi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Edulogic Int J Multidiscip Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1939009\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:59:16Z","timestamp":1788933556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1939009\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1939009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2026.1939009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-253X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-253X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"article-number":"1939009"}}