{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:39:45Z","timestamp":1782308385693,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early permanent dental caries can pose a serious threat to oral health in the coming years. This study aimed to investigate the key factors influencing early dental caries in permanent teeth among first-grade Iranian children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study involving 778 randomly selected first-grade children from public schools in Tehran, Iran, was conducted between November 2017 and January 2018. The oral health of the children, evaluated by two trained dentists, was recorded based on the DMFT index. Information on maternal education, gender, dmft index, brushing frequency, dental visits, flossing, and sweet consumption was also collected. The Random Forest method was employed to identify factors associated with early permanent dental caries, and its performance was compared with logistic regression using the Area Under the Curve (AUC) index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Logistic regression, represented by odds ratios (OR), revealed a significant association between early permanent dental caries and dmft index [OR\u2009=\u20091.13, 95% CI (1.07, 1.20), p-value &amp;lt;0.001], maternal education [OR\u2009=\u20092.04, 95% CI (1.15, 3.62), p-value &amp;lt;0.05], and sweet consumption [OR\u2009=\u20090.59, 95% CI (0.36, 0.98), p-value &amp;lt;0.05]. Random Forest analysis indicated that male gender, higher maternal education, and lower sweet consumption were associated with increased likelihood of being caries-free. Notably, Random Forest demonstrated superior performance (AUC\u2009=\u20090.81) compared to logistic regression (AUC\u2009=\u20090.72).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early permanent dental caries can be effectively managed by caring primary teeth and reducing consumption of sweets. Maternal education emerged as a pivotal factor in mitigating the risk of early permanent dental caries. Therefore, prioritizing these factors and preventing permanent teeth caries in childhood can be remarkably influential in reducing future caries. The usage of the Random Forest algorithm is highly recommended for identifying relevant risk factors associated with early permanent teeth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1359379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T04:23:35Z","timestamp":1712895815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Identifying early permanent teeth caries factors in children using random forest algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Masaebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Azizmohammad Looha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzie","family":"Deghatipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Mohammadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra Ghazizadeh","family":"Ahsaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Asadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Zayeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211056247","article-title":"Global burden and inequality of dental caries, 1990 to 2019","volume":"101","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Pathology of dental caries","author":"Fejerskov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dental Caries: the Disease and its Clinical Management"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01482-7","article-title":"Determinants of dental caries in children in the Middle East and North Africa region: a systematic review based on literature published from 2000 to 2019","volume":"21","author":"Elamin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"2050","article-title":"Evaluation of oral health status based on the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index","volume":"48","author":"Moradi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"On Dental Caries and Caries-Related Factors in Children and Teenagers","author":"Alm","year":"2008"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.48.233","article-title":"Employing dmft score as a risk predictor for caries development in the permanent teeth in Japanese primary school girls","volume":"48","author":"Motohashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7","volume-title":"The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction","author":"Hastie","year":"2009"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and regression by randomForest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1159\/000498892","article-title":"Overall effects of risk factors associated with dental caries indices using the marginalized zero-inflated negative binomial model","volume":"53","author":"Bakhshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01545-9","article-title":"Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among school-aged children in Tripoli, Libya: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Alraqiq","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-989","article-title":"Assessment of dental caries predictors in 6-year-old school children-results from 5-year retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Masood","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC public Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.30476\/DENTJODS.2020.85573.1136","article-title":"DMFT of the first permanent molars, dmft and related factors among all first-grade primary school students in Rafsanjan urban area","volume":"22","author":"Kamiab","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-020-00237-z","article-title":"Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children\u2019s worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kazeminia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0849-3","article-title":"Association of dental caries and weight status in 6-to 7-year-old Filipino children","volume":"17","author":"Heinrich-Weltzien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2003.tb00761.x","article-title":"Global goals for oral health 2020","volume":"53","author":"Hobdell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S226","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2163","article-title":"Caries experience and its relationship with mother\u2019s educational level and occupational Status: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"15","author":"Nembhwani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppede.2016.02.013","article-title":"Factors associated with caries: a survey of students from Southern Brazil","volume":"34","author":"Borges","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_130_19","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of molar\u2013incisor hypomineralization, maternal education, and dental caries: a cross-sectional study of Mexican schoolchildren with low socioeconomic status","volume":"9","author":"Villanueva-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12259","article-title":"Estimating the effects of maternal education on child dental caries using marginal structural models: the longitudinal study of indigenous Australian children","volume":"44","author":"Ju","year":"","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ohpd.a45076","article-title":"Oral health status and risk factors for caries in permanent teeth among 12-year-old students in Guangdong, Southern China: a population-based epidemiological survey","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01999-x","article-title":"Community-based interventions to reduce dental caries among 24-month old children: a pilot study of a field trial","volume":"21","author":"Deghatipour","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ohpd.a31227","article-title":"Improvements in the behaviour of mother-child pairs following low-cost oral health education","volume":"12","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000529620","article-title":"Primary dentition caries patterns as predictors of permanent dentition caries: a prospective cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Feldens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208100812","article-title":"Predicting caries in permanent teeth from caries in primary teeth: an eight-year cohort study","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1159\/000518890","article-title":"Early-life patterns of sugar consumption and dental caries in the permanent teeth: a birth cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Feldens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02786-6","article-title":"Prevalence of dental caries and relation with nutritional status among school-age children in resource limited setting of southern Ethiopia","volume":"23","author":"Bassa","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12413","article-title":"Consumption frequency of added sugars and UK children\u2019s dental caries","volume":"46","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7550","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202210_30026","article-title":"Prevalence of caries in first permanent molar among children in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study","volume":"26","author":"Mubaraki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12257","article-title":"Permanent caries experience is associated with primary caries experience: a 7-year longitudinal study in China","volume":"45","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.24.21253842","article-title":"Gender differences in caries and periodontal Status in UK children","author":"Papadaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10090164","article-title":"Dental caries risk assessment in children 5 years old and under via machine learning","volume":"10","author":"Sadegh-Zadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3393538\/v1","article-title":"Predicting Dental Caries Outcomes in Young Adults Using Machine Learning Approach","author":"Ogwo","year":"2023"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8613","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168613","article-title":"Prediction models of early childhood caries based on machine learning algorithms","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.26719\/2011.17.3.243","article-title":"Oral health of Iranian children in 2004: a national pathfinder survey of dental caries and treatment needs","volume":"17","author":"Bayat Movahed","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMHJ"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Dental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1359379\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T11:39:33Z","timestamp":1723203573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1359379\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1359379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1359379","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"article-number":"1359379"}}