{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:59:32Z","timestamp":1784674772565,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med"],"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Obesity and caries have become increasingly prevalent. As of yet, research results on the relationship between obesity and caries in children and adolescents have been inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the association between caries and obesity in adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>This was a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 187 Puerto Rican adolescents aged 13\u201319 years, attending, among them, five high schools. Each participant received dental exams for caries using the criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), had his or her body mass index (BMI) determined, and took a 19-item risk factor questionnaire. The Significant Caries (SiC) index (for DMFT) was calculated to compare obese and healthy adolescents. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Nearly 60% of the sample population was female, with a mean age of 15.7 (\u00b11.25). The mean BMI percentile was 72.24 (\u00b128.78); 48.66% of the participants had a healthy weight, 19.79% were overweight, and 30.48% were obese. Dental caries was observed in 68% of the participants; the mean caries index D3-6MFS was 5.17(\u00b15.92) and the mean D3-6MFT was 3.59 (\u00b13.97). No significant differences were found between caries indexes and obesity status (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The median (p25, p75) SiC index among overweight\/obese adolescents was 9.5 (7, 12), whereas for healthy weight\/underweight participants was 7 (5, 8) (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.005).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Based on the limited number of participants, no association was found between dental caries (D3-6MFS and D3-6MFT) and obesity (BMI) among adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1391833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T04:36:39Z","timestamp":1721968599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relationship between caries indexes and obesity in a sample of Puerto Rican adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Lydia M.","family":"Lopez del Valle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariely","family":"Nieves-Plaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sona","family":"Rivas-Tumanyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana","family":"Hanke-Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-016-0065-9","article-title":"Connecting the dots in childhood obesity disparities: a review of growth patterns from birth to pre-adolescence","volume":"3","author":"Boone-Heinonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S2","article-title":"The dental caries pandemic and disparities problem","volume":"6","author":"Edelstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oral health disparities as determined by selected healthy people 2020 oral health objectives for the United States, 2009\u20132010","author":"Dye","year":"2012","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.006395","article-title":"Anthropometric measurements and dental caries in children: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12014","article-title":"Obesity and dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Hayden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9105759","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9105759","article-title":"Association between dental caries and obesity in children and young people: a narrative review","volume":"2019","author":"Alshihri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ebd.6401299","article-title":"No consistent association was found between dental caries and body mass index in children","volume":"19","author":"Carson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid Based Dent"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0162-7","article-title":"Persistent oral health disparity in 12-year-old Hispanics: a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Elias-Boneta","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Obesity and overweight","year":""},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity","year":"2022"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Plan de Acci\u00f3n de Prevenci\u00f3n de Obesidad en Puerto Rico","year":"2023"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"163","article-title":"Occurrence and correlates of overweight and obesity among island Puerto Rican youth","volume":"21","author":"Garza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.23804\/ejpd.2017.18.04.02","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between obesity, dental caries, and periodontal disease in adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Vallogini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12565","article-title":"Overweight\/obese children are associated with lower caries experience than normal-weight children\/adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Guar\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"146","article-title":"Association between body mass index and caries experience in Brazilian children and adolescents","volume":"83","author":"da Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dent Child (Chic)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2017.114","article-title":"The prevalence of overweight\/obesity in high school adolescents in Jeddah and the association of obesity with dental caries","volume":"37","author":"Farsi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4103\/ejd.ejd_29_18","article-title":"Evaluating the risk factors that link obesity and dental caries in 11\u201317-year-old school-going children in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"12","author":"Khadri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12109","article-title":"Association between dental caries and obesity evaluated by air displacement plethysmography in 18-year-old adolescents in Pelotas, Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Justo Fde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"38","article-title":"How do diet and body mass index impact dental caries in Hispanic elementary school children?","volume":"87","author":"Creske","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e056","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0056","article-title":"Obesity and dental caries among south Brazilian schoolchildren: a 2.5-year longitudinal study","volume":"33","author":"Lock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-0972-9","article-title":"Clinical and biological indicators of dental caries and periodontal disease in adolescents with or without obesity","volume":"18","author":"Fadel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8811974","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8811974","article-title":"Relationship between obesity and dental caries in Saudi male adolescents","volume":"2020","author":"Al-Ansari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.02.005","article-title":"Erosive tooth wear and caries experience in children and adolescents with obesity","volume":"83","author":"Tschammler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.06.050","article-title":"Longitudinal association between obesity and dental caries in adolescents","volume":"189","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-020-00534-w","article-title":"Associations between obesity, dental caries, erosive tooth wear and periodontal disease in adolescents: a case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Marro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2017.101","article-title":"Association between BMI and dental caries among school children and adolescents in Jiangsu province, China","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00347","article-title":"The international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries","volume":"35","author":"Ismail","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356408993968","article-title":"Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition","volume":"22","author":"Silnes","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1301300211","article-title":"Standardizing anthropometric measures in children and adolescents with functions for age: update","volume":"13","author":"Vidmar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595x.2000.tb00572","article-title":"Introducing the significant caries index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds","volume":"50","author":"Bratthall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137707","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137707","article-title":"Assessment of oral conditions and quality of life in morbid obese and normal weight individuals: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Yamashita","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.23804\/ejpd.2018.19.01.01","article-title":"WHO: healthy diet to prevent chronic diseases and caries","volume":"19","author":"Paglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Dental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1391833\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T10:54:47Z","timestamp":1739271287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1391833\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1391833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdmed.2024.1391833","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"article-number":"1391833"}}