{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T11:31:51Z","timestamp":1793532711038,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Caralluma<\/jats:italic> plants have a wide range of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. This study aims to assess the antibacterial effect of water, methanol, and ethanol extracts of <jats:italic>Caralluma munbyana<\/jats:italic> against <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> biofilms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three extracts of <jats:italic>C. munbyana<\/jats:italic> were prepared using water, methanol, and ethanol. Multiple concentrations ranging between 2.93 and 93.75\u2005mg\/ml were achieved, alongside a control group with no extract, and incubated with an overnight culture of <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>. In the following day, the total absorbance was measured at 595\u2005nm. Then, the biofilms were fixed and stained with 0.5% crystal violet to measure the biofilm absorbance at 490\u2005nm. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic> tests were applied to identify which specific concentrations differed from the control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>C. munbyana<\/jats:italic> methanol and ethanol extracts significantly affected the total absorbance of <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.001) at 46.87 and 93.75\u2005mg\/ml. For biofilm inhibition, <jats:italic>C. munbyana<\/jats:italic> water extract was effective (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.001) in reducing the biofilm growth at 23.44 (1.34\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08), 46.87 (1.31\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15), and 93.75 (1.04\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07)\u2005mg\/ml when compared to the control (1.58\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11). More reduction was observed among methanol and ethanol extracts, as <jats:italic>C. munbyana<\/jats:italic> methanol extract significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.001) inhibited the <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> biofilm growth at 23.44 (0.99\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15), 46.87 (0.12\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02), and 93.75 (0.09\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01)\u2005mg\/ml. Similarly, <jats:italic>C. munbyana<\/jats:italic> ethanol extract's biofilm inhibition was observed at the concentrations of 23.44 (0.45\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12), 46.87 (0.10\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02), and 93.75 (0.09\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04)\u2005mg\/ml.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that <jats:italic>C. munbyana<\/jats:italic> possesses antibacterial properties against <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> biofilms, particularly through its methanol and ethanol extracts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1575161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T05:37:44Z","timestamp":1749015464000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impact of Caralluma munbyana extracts on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Turki","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israa","family":"Alkhalifah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areeb","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa F.","family":"Alsulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al Madani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman A.","family":"Balhaddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14516","article-title":"WHO\u2019s global oral health status report 2022: actions, discussion and implementation","volume":"30","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10100184","article-title":"Oral microbiome and dental caries development","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2018.12.002","article-title":"Toward dental caries: exploring nanoparticle-based platforms and calcium phosphate compounds for dental restorative materials","volume":"4","author":"Balhaddad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0212-1","article-title":"Cariogenicity features of Streptococcus mutans in presence of rubusoside","volume":"16","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11889","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39125-2","article-title":"The potential use of glycosyl-transferase inhibitors for targeted reduction of S. mutans biofilms in dental materials","volume":"13","author":"Scaffa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24878","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v6.24878","article-title":"Fueling the caries process: carbohydrate metabolism and gene regulation by Streptococcus mutans","volume":"6","author":"Moye","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777051","article-title":"Caries etiology and preventive measures","volume":"18","author":"Meyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8295","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098295","article-title":"Inorganic compounds as remineralizing fillers in dental restorative materials: narrative review","volume":"24","author":"Bin-Jardan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering8100146","article-title":"Metal oxide nanoparticles and nanotubes: ultrasmall nanostructures to engineer antibacterial and improved dental adhesives and composites","volume":"8","author":"Balhaddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2022.06.022","article-title":"Nonrestorative caries treatment: a systematic review update","volume":"72","author":"Cabal\u00e9n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518800014","article-title":"Nonrestorative treatments for caries: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Urquhart","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234701","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1234701","article-title":"Current state of research on the clinical benefits of herbal medicines for non-life-threatening ailments","volume":"14","author":"Salm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839019","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/839019","article-title":"High-level antimicrobial efficacy of representative Mediterranean natural plant extracts against oral microorganisms","volume":"2014","author":"Karygianni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13534","article-title":"Fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR): chinese herbal medicine as a source of novel antimicrobials\u2014an update","volume":"73","author":"Millar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4280","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2023.2172009","article-title":"Herbal medicine: the magic way crouching microbial resistance","volume":"37","author":"Eldin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394167197.ch3","article-title":"Natural oral care and herbal products for oral diseases and oral hygiene maintenance","volume-title":"Pharmacological Studies in Natural Oral Care","author":"Kathayat","year":"2023"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050559","article-title":"The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products","volume":"21","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.02.004","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of Carum copticum fruit extracts","volume":"24","author":"Zahin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.653","article-title":"Influence of medicinal plant extracts on the growth of oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus: an in vitro study","volume":"7","author":"Elgamily","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_1297_22","article-title":"A systematic review of medicinal plants and herbal products\u2019 effectiveness in oral health and dental cure with health promotion approach","volume":"12","author":"Amanpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-00949-5","article-title":"Caralluma tuberculata exhibits analgesic and anti-arthritic potential by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuating oxidative stress","volume":"30","author":"Haider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.07.049","article-title":"Novel acylated steroidal glycosides from Caralluma tuberculata induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells","volume":"137","author":"Waheed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2010.1555","article-title":"Pharmacological review of Caralluma R.br. with special reference to appetite suppression and anti-obesity","volume":"15","author":"Dutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5720372","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5720372","article-title":"Delving the role of Caralluma fimbriata: an edible wild plant to mitigate the biomarkers of metabolic syndrome","volume":"2022","author":"Anwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165346","article-title":"Phytochemical screening, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities of different extracts from Caralluma edulis plant","volume":"27","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03450-8","article-title":"The use of Caralluma fimbriata as an appetite suppressant and weight loss supplement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"21","author":"Jayawardena","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18881","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c02056","article-title":"New pregnane glycosides isolated from Caralluma hexagona lavranos as inhibitors of \u03b1-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and advanced glycation End products formation","volume":"6","author":"Choucry","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00678-7","article-title":"Further constituents from Caralluma negevensis","volume":"62","author":"Bader","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070811","article-title":"Bioguided isolation of antibiofilm and antibacterial pregnane glycosides from Caralluma quadrangula: disarming multidrug-resistant pathogens","volume":"10","author":"El-Shiekh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374821","DOI":"10.1080\/23312009.2017.1374821","article-title":"Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scientific validation of Indian traditional medicine","volume":"3","author":"Malladi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogent Chemistry"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030636","article-title":"Caralluma europaea (guss.) N.E.br.: anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial activities against nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes of chemically characterized fractions","volume":"26","author":"Amrati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9120143","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of Salvadora persica against Streptococcus mutans biofilms: an in vitro study","volume":"9","author":"Balhaddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-023-00154-8","article-title":"Effect of eucalyptus oil on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis growth","volume":"9","author":"Balhaddad","year":"2023","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2019.44.e4","article-title":"Inhibition of nicotine-induced Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by salts solutions intended for mouthrinses","volume":"44","author":"Balhaddad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Restor Dent Endod"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01232-6","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and its inhibition by green tea extracts","volume":"11","author":"Zayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"2123","article-title":"Aloe vera extract: a novel antimicrobial and antibiofilm against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains","volume":"31","author":"Saddiq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29020397","article-title":"Combating cariogenic Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and disruption with coumaric acid on dentin surface","volume":"29","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163685","article-title":"Lauryl gallate activity and Streptococcus mutans: its effects on biofilm formation, acidogenicity and gene expression","volume":"25","author":"Gabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104647","article-title":"Regulatory landscape of dietary supplements and herbal medicines from a global perspective","volume":"114","author":"Thakkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.9734\/ARRB\/2014\/6401","article-title":"Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma umbellata haw used in traditional medicine by Indian tribes","volume":"4","author":"Babu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Res Rev Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.04.040","article-title":"In-vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of Populus ciliata bark and leaves: a comparative study","volume":"148","author":"Guleria","year":"2022","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2020.4815","article-title":"Prospects on nano-based platforms for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against oral biofilms","volume":"38","author":"Balhaddad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.102046","article-title":"The impact of photosensitizer selection on bactericidal efficacy of PDT against cariogenic biofilms: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Silva Te\u00f3filo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05687-2","article-title":"Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2017.2.33","article-title":"Screening of ethanolic extracts of medicinal herbal drugs against oral microbes","volume":"9","author":"Harsha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-022-00327-7","article-title":"Translational challenges and opportunities in biofilm science: a BRIEF for the future","volume":"8","author":"Highmore","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116709","article-title":"Current strategies for monitoring and controlling bacterial biofilm formation on medical surfaces","volume":"282","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2023.e01585","article-title":"A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants","volume":"19","author":"Bitwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118761","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1118761","article-title":"New insights of the application of water or ethanol-water plant extract rich in active compounds in food","volume":"10","author":"Plaskova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041149","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of flavonoids and their structure-activity relationship study: a comparative interpretation","volume":"27","author":"Shamsudin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2321-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of flavonoid glycosides from Graptophyllum grandulosum and their mechanism of antibacterial action","volume":"18","author":"Tagousop","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121193","article-title":"Potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Caralluma indica seed extract","volume":"13","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2812-1","article-title":"Effectiveness of herbal oral care products in reducing dental plaque & gingivitis\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Janakiram","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E19","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2009.1014","article-title":"Are alcohol containing mouthwashes safe?","volume":"207","author":"Werner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.5114\/bta.2022.118668","article-title":"Preparation and optimization of medicated cold cream using Caralluma adscendens var. attenuata for the treatment of Candida skin infection","volume":"103","author":"Sundar","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioTechnologia (Pozn)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70114","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70114","article-title":"Postbiotics and dental caries: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Heidari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dent Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Dental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1575161\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T05:37:45Z","timestamp":1749015465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1575161\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1575161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1575161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"article-number":"1575161"}}