{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:26:06Z","timestamp":1790375166850,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current methods for tracking temporomandibular joint (TMJ) movements are difficult to perform during dental procedures. Yet precise and accurate quantification of mandibular movements is critical for understanding temporomandibular biomechanics and how certain movements may contribute to temporomandibular dysfunction. This is particularly relevant to clinical procedures that might move the mandible near or beyond its functional range of motion. We present a novel approach that integrates cone-beam computed tomography, optical intra-oral scans, and six degree-of-freedom electromagnetic sensor data to quantify mandibular movements. This method employs rigid body transformations to generate subject-specific three-dimensional (3D) envelopes of motion and assess whether incisal and condylar landmarks remain within their functional 3D envelopes of motion. We demonstrate the clinical utility of this approach through simulated mandibular poses presented relative to the limits of incisal and condylar envelopes created from that individual's voluntary border movements. Our findings reveal that condylar or incisal points in simulated mandibular poses are located beyond their normal motion envelopes, highlighting the importance of simultaneous monitoring of incisal and condylar landmarks. This methodology provides a clinically relevant tool for understanding temporomandibular biomechanics and it has the potential to signal clinicians when jaw movements during dental and oral surgical procedures approach or exceed the jaw's functional range of motion and such corrective feedback could prevent adverse effects on the TMJ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1654118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:44:59Z","timestamp":1758087899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An integrated approach to tracking mandibular position relative to incisal and condylar envelopes of motion during intraoral clinical procedures: a new look at TMJ movements"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jing-Sheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas S.","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea B.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg J.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fritzie I.","family":"Arce-McShane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Prevalence of TMJD and its Signs and Symptoms","volume-title":".","year":""},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17226\/25652","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders: priorities for research and care","volume-title":"Temporomandibular Disorders: Priorities for Research and Care","author":"Bond","year":"2020"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/ors.12473","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders: a review of current concepts in aetiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"13","author":"Kapos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Surg"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208100412","article-title":"Risk factors for diagnostic subgroups of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD)","volume":"81","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001554","article-title":"Incident injury is strongly associated with subsequent incident temporomandibular disorder: results from the OPPERA study","volume":"160","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520913247","article-title":"Pain sensitivity modifies risk of injury-related temporomandibular disorder","volume":"99","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2023.12.011","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders: definition and etiology","volume":"30","author":"Ohrbach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"190","article-title":"Soft tissue trauma","volume-title":"Temporomandibular Disorders\u202f: Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Goldman","year":"1991"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03277-6","article-title":"Is the extraction of third molars a risk factor for the temporomandibular disorders? A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Damasceno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2006.0090","article-title":"Third-molar extraction as a risk factor for temporomandibular disorder","volume":"137","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109994","article-title":"Measurement of normal and pathological mandibular and temporomandibular joint kinematics: a systematic review","volume":"111","author":"Woodford","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Clinical Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain. Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain","author":"Pertes","year":"1995"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2022.11.003","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint: review of anatomy and clinical implications","volume":"67","author":"Iturriaga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-022-5082-0","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint anatomy, function and clinical relevance","volume":"233","author":"Wilkie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Anatomy, head and neck, temporomandibular joint","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Bordoni","year":"2023"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130301400207","article-title":"Biomechanical behavior of the temporomandibular joint disc","volume":"14","author":"Tanaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Studies in the mobility of the human mandible","volume":"10","author":"Posselt","year":"1953","journal-title":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(57)80083-3","article-title":"Movement areas of the mandible","volume":"7","author":"Posselt","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(57)80082-1","article-title":"An analyzer for mandibular positions","volume":"7","author":"Posselt","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2020.02.021","article-title":"Evaluation of border movement of the mandible before and after orthognathic surgery using a kinesiograph","volume":"48","author":"Ueki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13142405","article-title":"Characterization of mandibular border movements and mastication in each skeletal class using 3D electromagnetic articulography: a preliminary study","volume":"13","author":"Farf\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Temporomandibular Disorders\u202f: An Evidence-Based Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment. TMDs","author":"Laskin","year":"2006"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37139-4","article-title":"Condylar motion analysis: a controlled, blinded clinical study on the interindividual reproducibility of standardized evaluation of computer-recorded condylar movements","volume":"13","author":"Ahlers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.06.007","article-title":"Temporomandibular condylar articulation and finite helical axis determination using a motion tracking system","volume":"94","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of the TMJ Movement with a New Mandibular Movement Tracking and Simulation System (2008)","author":"Kim","year":""},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2000.00518.x","article-title":"Kinematics of the human mandible for different head postures","volume":"27","author":"Visscher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.05.023","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of a method to study kinematics of the temporomandibular joint: combination of motion data and CT imaging","volume":"41","author":"Baltali","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2012.09.025","article-title":"Feasibility of differential quantification of 3D temporomandibular kinematics during various oral activities using a cone-beam computed tomography-based 3D fluoroscopic method","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dent Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.1986.11678151","article-title":"Cine-CT of the temporomandibular joint","volume":"4","author":"Helms","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(99)00140-5","article-title":"Associations between incisor and mandibular condylar movements during maximum mouth opening in humans","volume":"45","author":"Travers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111175","article-title":"In vivo biomechanical effects of maximal mouth opening on the temporomandibular joints and their relationship to morphology and kinematics","volume":"141","author":"Shu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345010800100901","article-title":"The three-dimensional active envelope of jaw border movement and its determinants","volume":"80","author":"Koolstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.01.021","article-title":"A method for quantifying condylar motion in patients with osteoarthritis using an electromagnetic tracking device and computed tomography imaging","volume":"66","author":"Baltali","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-021-02346-6","article-title":"Mathematical analysis of the condylar trajectories in asymptomatic subjects during mandibular motions","volume":"59","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod24.089","article-title":"Correlations of temporomandibular joint morphology and position using cone-beam computed tomography and dynamic functional analysis in orthodontic patients: a cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105546","article-title":"Validation of a novel tool for automated tooth modelling by fusion of CBCT-derived roots with the respective IOS-derived crowns","volume":"153","author":"Baldini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791","article-title":"A method for registration of 3-D shapes","volume":"14","author":"Besl","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. 6th ed.","author":"Okeson","year":"2007"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"Polhemus VIPER System Product Specifications","year":""},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2002.120687","article-title":"A 3-dimensional analysis of molar movement during headgear treatment","volume":"121","author":"Ashmore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91920-7_53","article-title":"Arthroscopy and arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint","author":"McCain","year":"2022"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.2186\/jjps.31.712","article-title":"A study on mandibular movement in six degree-of-freedom with a newly developed jaw movement analyzer","volume":"31","author":"Suzuki","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nihon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90096-W","article-title":"Displacement analysis of the temporomandibular condyle from magnetic resonance images","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2021.08.006","article-title":"Study on the reconstruction of a four-dimensional movement model and the envelope surface of the condyle in normal adults","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12521","article-title":"Real-time three-dimensional jaw tracking in temporomandibular disorders","volume":"44","author":"da Cunha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109820","article-title":"A comparison of currently available optoelectronic motion capture systems","volume":"106","author":"Topley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5812\/traumamon.3432","article-title":"Trauma to the temporomandibular joint following tooth extraction via dental students","volume":"16","author":"Dolatabadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trauma Mon"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5681\/joddd.2010.024","article-title":"Effect of lengthy root canal therapy sessions on temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles","volume":"4","author":"Sahebi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1557","article-title":"Prolonged jaw opening promotes nociception and enhanced cytokine expression","volume":"30","author":"Hawkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-012-0334-1","article-title":"Normal mouth opening in an adult Indian population","volume":"11","author":"Khare","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"415","article-title":"Condylar rotation and anterior translation in healthy human temporomandibular joints","volume":"104","author":"Salaorni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed"},{"key":"B52","article-title":"A self-instructional training video to perform 3D mandibular border movements","volume-title":"J Dent Res","author":"Cheng","year":"2025"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740100401","article-title":"The kinematic center: a reference for condylar movements","volume":"74","author":"Yatabe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345970760021301","article-title":"Movements of the mandibular condyle kinematic center during jaw opening and closing","volume":"76","author":"Yatabe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dent Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Dental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1654118\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:45:02Z","timestamp":1758087902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1654118\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1654118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1654118","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.03.11.642654","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2673-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"article-number":"1654118"}}