{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T06:24:24Z","timestamp":1763101464092,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exfoliated or extracted human teeth are increasingly used as accessible records of health history, biomarkers for predicting health risks, or analyzed for organic components to uncover the mechanisms of atypical development or disease. During formation, dental enamel incorporates and preserves biological information through mineralization, thereby creating a fossil-like record within the tooth structure as it reaches a mineral content of over 95% by weight. The key to unlocking this record depends not only on using appropriate analytical methodologies, but also on how storage conditions affect the original biogenic information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of storage conditions on enamel proteome, human third molars were collected upon extraction and stored for 4 months under four commonly used protocols in dental research: (1) at \u221280\u00b0C; (2) in 70% ethanol (EtOH) at room temperature (RT); (3) air-dried (Air) at RT; and (4) in phosphate-buffered saline with sodium azide at RT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis identified 454, 460, 232, and 221 proteins in the \u221280\u00b0C, EtOH, Air, and PBS groups, respectively. Enamel-specific proteins, such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, enamelin, kallikrein-related peptidase-4, and matrix metalloproteinase-20, were identified across all conditions, although their relative abundances varied depending on storage conditions. In addition, the preservation of specific protein families varied depending on the storage conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although \u221280\u00b0C storage remains the gold standard for preserving organic material, storage in 70% EtOH at RT produced comparable proteomic results. This suggests that ethanol-based storage protocols may serve as a more practical alternative, easier to implement for sample collection, and help provide consistency in enamel research. Our findings underscore the importance of both storage methods and standardized protocols in enamel proteomics, as they help avoid bias in protein detection and facilitate comparisons of datasets between studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1666534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T06:21:34Z","timestamp":1763101294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Storage conditions differentially alter the human tooth enamel proteome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hakan","family":"Karaaslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Depalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicitas B.","family":"Bidlack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2211285119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211285119","article-title":"Mesoscale structural gradients in human tooth enamel","volume":"119","author":"Free","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2016","article-title":"Dental enamel formation and implications for oral health and disease","volume":"97","author":"Lacruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.08.011","article-title":"Multi-scale characterization of developmental defects of enamel and their clinical significance for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"169","author":"Houari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2020.1785010","article-title":"Enamel multidien biological timing and body size variability among individuals of Chinese Han and Tibetan origins","volume":"48","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500902","article-title":"Role of macromolecular assembly of enamel matrix proteins in enamel formation","volume":"85","author":"Margolis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211018405","article-title":"Biomineralization of enamel and dentin mediated by matrix proteins","volume":"100","author":"Moradian-Oldak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"699","article-title":"Chronological distribution of enamel hypoplasias and weaning in a Caribbean slave population","volume":"57","author":"Corruccini","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hum Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.05.007","article-title":"Variation in enamel development of South African fossil hominids","volume":"51","author":"Lacruz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000298","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000298","article-title":"Teeth reveal juvenile diet, health and neurotoxicant exposure retrospectively: what biological rhythms and chemical records tell us","volume":"43","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70024","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70024","article-title":"The Maya are a people of movement: reconstructing shifts in Maya mobility from oxygen isotopes across three millenia at Santa Rita Corozal (Chactemal), Northern Belize","volume":"186","author":"Locker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Biol Anthropol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2024.106069","article-title":"Immune proteins recovered in tooth enamel as a biochemical record of health in past populations: paleoproteomic analysis of mission period native Californians","volume":"171","author":"Buonasera","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2019.103548","article-title":"Analysis of 5000 year-old human teeth using optimized large-scale and targeted proteomics approaches for detection of sex-specific peptides","volume":"211","author":"Froment","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Proteomics"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2021.104187","article-title":"Ancient enamel peptides recovered from the south American Pleistocene species Notiomastodon platensis and Myocastor cf. 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