{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:27:28Z","timestamp":1781652448709,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Glass ionomer cements (GIC) are valued as inherent fluoride-releasing dental restorative materials, while chitosan binds to negatively charged enamel surfaces, promoting mineral deposition and strengthening teeth. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of GIC modified with microchitosan derived from\n                      <jats:italic>Xylotrupes gideon<\/jats:italic>\n                      , using an\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experimental design. This study uniquely employs micro-scaled chitosan derived from the exoskeleton of Xylotrupes gideon, an insect-based, locally sourced, and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional marine chitosan, to reinforce a conventional GIC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Microchitosan was extracted from\n                      <jats:italic>Xylotrupes gideon<\/jats:italic>\n                      and incorporated into conventional GIC at 0.5%, 1% and 2% (w\/w). Compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, and surface microhardness were measured using standard testing equipment after immersion in artificial saliva for 24\u2005h and 7 days. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Games-Howell\n                      <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      test, with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 1% microchitosan-modified GIC exhibited the most significant improvements compared to the unmodified control. After 7 days, compressive strength increased by 35.4%, diametral tensile strength by 51.3%, and surface hardness by 46.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). These enhancements are attributed to microscale reinforcement and chemical bonding between microchitosan and the GIC matrix.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The addition of 1% microchitosan derived from\n                      <jats:italic>Xylotrupes gideon<\/jats:italic>\n                      significantly improved the mechanical performance of GIC. This bioactive reinforcement shows promising potential for clinical restorative applications, though further investigation into its long-term biocompatibility and fluoride release is warranted. These findings highlight a novel combination of insect-derived micro-scale chitosan and conventional GIC, yielding mechanical gains comparable to those reported for nanochitosan-modified formulations while relying on a more sustainable chitosan source.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1717880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T13:37:16Z","timestamp":1766065036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Xylotrupes gideon microchitosan-modified glass ionomer cement: in vitro assessment of mechanical properties"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Rosalina","family":"Tjandrawinata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florencia Livia","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Marpaung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deviyanti","family":"Pratiwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddy","family":"Eddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tansza Setiana","family":"Putri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komariah","family":"Komariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indrayadi","family":"Gunardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sastra Kusuma","family":"Wijaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arief","family":"Cahyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb7030016","article-title":"A review of glass-ionomer cements for clinical dentistry","volume":"7","author":"Sidhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.23.146","article-title":"Effect of adding spherical silica filler on physico-mechanical properties of resin modified glass-ionomer cement","volume":"23","author":"Tjandrawinata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.22146\/ijbiotech.81544","article-title":"Chitosan Xylotrupes gideon encapsulated lemongrass leaf ethanol extract reduce H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblast","volume":"28","author":"Komariah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indones J Biotechnol"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Glass-Ionomer Cement: Chemistry and its Applications in Dentistry. 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