{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:05:09Z","timestamp":1789967109865,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is increasingly used in dental implantology because of its biomimetic properties. However, its application is limited by bio-inertness and inherent hydrophobicity, which may affect early biological interactions. PEEK surfaces are often coated with bioactive materials such as hydroxyapatite (HA), but it remains unclear how subsequent surface modification techniques such as laser treatment affect their wettability. There is still limited data on blood surface interactions in laser-treated HA\/PEEK composites. This study was designed to assess and compare the blood contact angle of HA\/PEEK surfaces before and after laser modification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-one HA-coated PEEK discs were evaluated, with each individual disc serving as the experimental unit for contact-angle assessment. Blood contact-angle measurements were obtained from each disc before laser treatment and repeated on the same disc following laser surface modification, resulting in paired observations. Hydroxyapatite (HA) nano powder was applied to the PEEK surfaces using friction stir processing (FSP). Fresh EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood obtained from a single donor was used as the test fluid. To minimize variability, blood was collected from the same donor and venipuncture site, and all measurements were performed by the same operator under standardized conditions. Following baseline contact-angle measurement, the HA\/PEEK discs were treated using an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2,790\u2005nm, 1 W) for 4\u2005s at a working distance of 10\u2005mm under 5% water and 95% air spray, after which contact-angle measurements were repeated. Pre- and post-laser contact-angle measurements were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with statistical significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre-laser HA\/PEEK surfaces exhibited lower blood contact angles than the corresponding post-laser surfaces, indicating greater wettability before laser modification. Following laser treatment, blood contact angles increased, indicating reduced wettability under the laser parameters investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed reduction in wettability was specific to the laser parameters evaluated in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1669867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:28:37Z","timestamp":1789964917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of laser modification on the contact angle and surface wettability of hydroxyapatite-coated PEEK implant material"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Stuti","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","place":["Manipal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayana","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","place":["Manipal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Sherigar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","place":["Manipal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veene","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","place":["Manipal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishnavi M.","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","place":["Manipal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","place":["Manipal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis2020011","article-title":"Titanium alloys for dental implants: a review","volume":"2","author":"Nicholson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6924","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12216924","article-title":"Biomaterials and clinical application of dental implants in relation to bone density: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Khaohoen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.5037\/jomr.2023.14301","article-title":"Differences in Titanium, Titanium-zirconium, zirconia implants treatment outcomes: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Haimov","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1900239","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201900239","article-title":"On the future design of bio-inspired polyetheretherketone dental implants","volume":"20","author":"Knaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol Biosci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12408","article-title":"Etiology, occurrence, and consequences of implant loss","volume":"88","author":"Tomasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12180","article-title":"Zirconia dental implants: where are we now, and where are we heading?","volume":"73","author":"Cionca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10090619","article-title":"CF-PEEK vs. Titanium dental implants: stress distribution and fatigue performance in Variable bone qualities","volume":"10","author":"Polat Sa\u011fs\u00f6z","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.10.031","article-title":"Processing and tensile properties of hydroxyapatite-whisker-reinforced polyetheretherketone","author":"Converse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12706","article-title":"PEEK Materials as an alternative to titanium in dental implants: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Implant Dent Relat Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100402","article-title":"Strategies to improve bioactive and antibacterial properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for use as orthopedic implants","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093253","article-title":"Surface-active biomaterials","volume":"226","author":"Hench","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381759","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/381759","article-title":"Nanomodified peek dental implants: bioactive composites and surface modification-A review","volume":"2015","author":"Najeeb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14164589","article-title":"Sustainable surface modification of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants by hydroxyapatite\/silica coating\u2014an in vivo animal study","volume":"14","author":"Frankenberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.10.004","article-title":"Surface phos phonation enhances hydroxyapatite coating adhesion on polyetheretherketone and its osseointegration potential","volume":"47","author":"Mahjoubi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7930","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01044","article-title":"Preparation of amorphous poly(aryl ether nitrile ketone) and its composites with nano hydroxyapatite for 3D artificial bone printing","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl Bio Mater"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204-020-00130-7","article-title":"Fabrication of a novel hydroxyapatite\/polyether ether ketone surface nanocomposite via friction stir processing for orthopedic and dental applications","volume":"9","author":"Almasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Biomater"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.12.001","article-title":"Tribological and corrosion behavior of friction stir processed ti-CaP nanocomposites in simulated body fluid solution","volume":"20","author":"Farnoush","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7020074","article-title":"Biomimetic implant surfaces and their role in biological integration\u2014a concise review","volume":"7","author":"Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181da863e","article-title":"The impact of contact angle on the biocompatibility of biomaterials","volume":"87","author":"Menzies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.01.004","article-title":"Influence of surface treatment by laser irradiation on bacterial adhesion on surfaces of titanium implants and their alloys: systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-021-00608-1","article-title":"Effects of laser modalities on shear bond strengths of composite superstructure to zirconia and PEEK infrastructures: an in vitro study","volume":"109","author":"Ulgey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/dj5040035","article-title":"PEEK With reinforced materials and modifications for dental implant applications","volume":"5","author":"Rahmitasari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-019-1069-1","article-title":"Evaluating the bioactivity of a hydroxyapatite-incorporated polyetheretherketone biocomposite","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-013-1294-5","article-title":"Effects of er, cr: ySGG laser irradiation on the surface characteristics of titanium discs: an in vitro study","volume":"29","author":"Ercan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38731","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38731","article-title":"Implant surface topography following different Laser treatments: an in vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Khalil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.05.073","article-title":"Choi JH et al. Osteoconductive hydroxyapatite coated PEEK for spinal fusion surgery","volume":"283","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Surf Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280800020975172","DOI":"10.1177\/2280800020975172","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite-incorporation improves bone formation on endosseous PEEK implant in canine tibia","volume":"18","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Biomater Funct Mater"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.145984","article-title":"Influence of laser texturing on the wettability of PTFE","volume":"515","author":"Riveiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Surf Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50320a024","article-title":"Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water","volume":"28","author":"Wenzel","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5426","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15045426","article-title":"Current strategies to improve the bioactivity of PEEK","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2021.102572","article-title":"Laser incidence angle influence on energy density variations, surface roughness, and porosity of additively manufactured parts","volume":"50","author":"Fathi-Hafshejani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51181","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51181","article-title":"IRlaser treatment parameters on surface structure, roughness, wettability and bonding properties of fused deposition modeling-printed PEEK CF.","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Polym Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.11.017","article-title":"Finite element analysis of the biomechanical effects of PEEK dental implants on the peri-implant bone","volume":"48","author":"Schwitalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1039\/c0py00142b","article-title":"Hydrophilization of poly (ether ketone) films by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization","volume":"1","author":"Fristrup","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym Chem"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9444000546","article-title":"Wettability of porous surfaces","volume":"40","author":"Cassie","year":"1944","journal-title":"Trans Faraday Soc"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1812108","article-title":"Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) on PEEK coating for biomedical and dental applications","author":"Fareed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12121285","article-title":"Surface modification of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) via femtosecond Laser micro processing for enhanced bioactivity: a preliminary study","volume":"12","author":"Angelova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Dental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1669867\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:28:38Z","timestamp":1789964918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1669867\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1669867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1669867","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"article-number":"1669867"}}