{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T06:01:22Z","timestamp":1781157682624,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The oral microbiome is a dynamic ecosystem that develops in early life through physiological processes and environmental exposures and plays a key role in oral and systemic health. In socially vulnerable settings, such as prisons, altered living conditions may shape the establishment of the pediatric oral microbiome. This study aimed to characterize the oral microbiome signatures in mothers, children, and pregnant women living in prisons, and to explore microbial variation in relation to confinement-related living conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted that included the entire maternal-child population (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200943 samples) residing in five prisons and social reintegration centers in the State of Mexico. Saliva and oral biofilm samples were collected from mothers (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919), children (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919), and pregnant women (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095). The taxonomic composition was evaluated by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Analyses of alpha diversity (Shannon index), beta diversity (weighted UniFrac), and differential abundance (DESeq2) were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A shared core microbiome, dominated by\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , was identified in all groups. However, significant differences in microbial diversity were observed according to prison (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) and population group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01). Children exhibited the lowest diversity and a pronounced dominance of\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (58%), consistent with microbiome profiles in the early stages of life but consistent with early-life microbiome profiles. Mothers showed a greater abundance of opportunistic environmental taxa, including\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      (13.2%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Raoultella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (5.2%). Pregnant women showed the greatest diversity and a distinctive signature characterized by enrichment of\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Leptotrichia<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Beta diversity analyses revealed partial overlap between mothers and children, suggesting shared microbial patterns potentially related to common living conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide an exploratory characterization of the oral microbiome in mothers, children, and pregnant women living in prison settings. The lower diversity observed in children, along with the presence of opportunistic environmental taxa, underscores the importance of accounting for confinement-related living conditions in oral health research and prevention strategies for historically marginalized populations. Future comparative and longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the relationship between prison-specific conditions and variation in the oral microbiome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1805944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:47:45Z","timestamp":1781156865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Signatures of the maternal-infant oral microbiome in contexts of imprisonment and social vulnerability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ninfa","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Microbiolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica y Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico","place":["Toluca, Estado de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gauddy Lizeth","family":"Manzanares-Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Microbiolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica y Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico","place":["Toluca, Estado de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23340-9","article-title":"The association between health and prison overcrowding, a scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Aon","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s44155-025-00168-7","article-title":"Measuring healthcare quality in southern Ecuador prisons: a focus on health performance indicators","volume":"5","author":"Bautista-Valarezo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Disc Soc Sci Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e026806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026806","article-title":"Prison cell spatial density and infectious and communicable diseases: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2018.10.018","article-title":"Making mothers in jail: carceral reproduction of normative motherhood","volume":"7","author":"Sufrin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Soc Online"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-025-00359-z","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s gotta be really hard to be a mom inside right now:\u201d a qualitative analysis on the impacts of COVID-19 on perinatal support programs for people in prison","volume":"13","author":"Beck","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(25)00277-4","article-title":"Bacterial sexually transmitted infections in incarcerated populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Beaudry","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111125","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-111125","article-title":"Incidence of all-cause mortality in prisons: research protocol for a global registry study and systematic literature review with meta-regression analyses","volume":"15","author":"Mundt","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-025-00846-x","article-title":"Programmatic approaches to screening for tuberculosis disease: a situational analysis of seven countries in the Western Pacific region","volume":"53","author":"Teo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2026.106504","article-title":"The exposome and the human oral microbiome through the one health lens","volume":"183","author":"Limo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721183","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1721183","article-title":"The sociobiome\u2013oral microbiome mediates dental caries among Indigenous Australians","volume":"15","author":"Nath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.70016","article-title":"Oral Microbiota dynamics across the lifespan: age, sex, race and socioeconomic influences in the US population","volume":"52","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B (Stat Methodol)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x","article-title":"A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"key":"B15","author":"Oksanen","year":"2022"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-Seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00667","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00667-25","article-title":"Spatiotemporal development of late and moderate preterm infant gut and oral microbiomes and impact of gestational age on early colonization","volume":"10","author":"Ahearn-Ford","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42693","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.42693","article-title":"Extensive transmission of microbes along the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"8","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223622","article-title":"Development of the breastfed infant oral microbiome is associated with concentrations and intakes of human milk oligosaccharides","volume":"17","author":"Arishi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54702-0","article-title":"Oral microbiota development in early childhood","volume":"9","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241272011","article-title":"Oral microbiota development in the first 60 months: a longitudinal study","volume":"103","author":"Yama","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-025-00395-9","article-title":"Oral health assessment in a prospective birth cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Kaan","year":"2026","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-025-00176-2","article-title":"Biofilm removal in hospital sink drains drives unintended surges in antibiotic resistance","volume":"4","author":"Kotay","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07778-0","article-title":"Genetic and virulence characteristics of a Raoultella planticola isolate resistant to carbapenem and tigecycline","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686789","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.686789","article-title":"Microbiological and clinical aspects of Raoultella spp","volume":"9","author":"Appel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30377-5","article-title":"Factors related to high dental caries experience in Palestinian pregnant women in the Jerusalem governorate: a cross-sectional study","volume":"391","author":"Kateeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-315988","article-title":"Dysbiosis of maternal and neonatal microbiota associated with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5801","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2015.5801","article-title":"Leptotrichia buccalis: a novel cause of chorioamnionitis","volume":"7","author":"Smid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-79146-8_4","article-title":"The impact of diet and nutrition on the oral microbiome","volume-title":"Oral Microbiome: Symbiosis, Dysbiosis and Microbiome Interventions for Maintaining Oral and Systemic Health","author":"Santonocito","year":"2025"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03455-0","article-title":"The influence of diet, saliva, and dental history on the oral microbiome in healthy, caries-free Australian adults","volume":"15","author":"Nath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091797","article-title":"Oral microbiome: a review of its impact on oral and systemic health","volume":"12","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714229","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1714229","article-title":"Change of oral microbiome diversity by smoking across different age groups","volume":"16","author":"Seo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Dental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1805944\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:47:46Z","timestamp":1781156866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1805944\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1805944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1805944","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"article-number":"1805944"}}